基于ANP和改进TOPSIS的城轨网络应急能力决策优化

应急能力决策优化是城市轨道交通网络应急管理中的关键问题。从防御、预警、救援和恢复4个方面,针对网络化运营组织的特点,系统分析城轨网络应急能力的影响因素,并利用网络层次分析法(ANP),建立影响因素间的关联关系,通过构建超矩阵,利用超级决策软件(SD)计算得到考虑关联关系的各影响因素客观权重。其次,将各因素客观权重加入逼近理想解排序法(TOPSIS)模型中,通过计算城轨网络中各线路的相对贴近度,构建城轨网络应急能力决策优化模型。结合具体算例指出城轨网络应急能力的关键影响因素,以及在应急能力方面存在的问题,并提出决策优化建议。     

联合多种荧光光谱和GC-MS研究高铁酸钾对菲的降解机理

研究了高铁酸钾对PAHs中的菲的降解反应过程,对该反应过程联合了时间扫描、偏振、偏振三维(PEEM)、三维(EEM)等多种荧光光谱模式进行了表征和分析,并结合GC-MS进一步检测分析了该反应过程的中间产物,最后系统探讨了高铁酸钾对菲降解的动力学反应规律及降解机理.实验结果表明,在设定的高铁酸钾-菲降解体系的物质的量之比为1∶1、1∶2、1∶3、2∶1、3∶1的各个降解反应过程均符合一级反应动力学特征,其拟合系数在0.905—0.995之间.通过不同摩尔比的高铁酸钾-菲降解过程的时间扫描荧光参数直接求得了各反应的动力学方程及曲线;菲降解过程的荧光偏振度值与PEEM共同揭示出高铁酸钾对菲的有效降解,且产物均为无偏振效应、无产生新的特征荧光的小分子结构,各特征光谱峰强与时间变化关系也与时间扫描荧光曲线相符合;最后结合GC-MS深入分析了菲的降解产物,并由此推测了高铁酸钾对菲的降解机理.降解产物中9,10-菲醌的大量存在表明菲结构中9,10位发生氧化而开始降解.     

The implications of planting mode on cadmium uptake and remobilization in rice: Field experiments across growth stages

•Direct seeding (DS) method led to more distributed Cd in aerial parts of rice. •The Cd content was significantly higher in brown rice with planting mode of DS. •Using DS lessened the Fe plaque covering the root surface in all growth stages. •Transplantation mode should be considered as a priority in Cd-contaminated areas. Global rice production practices have gradually changed from a reliance on transplanting to direct seeding. Yet how this shift may alter cadmium (Cd) accumulation in rice is poorly known. Here we conducted field experiments with two rice genotypes cultivars that were planted using three methods: via direct seeding (DS), seedling throwing (ST), and manual transplanting (MT). Rice samples were collected during four growth stages. The formation and distribution of iron plaque were analyzed using DCB (dithionite-citrate-bicarbonate) extractions and observed under micro-XRF (micro X-ray fluorescence). The results revealed that, in each growth stage, DS rice was more apt to harbor Cd distributed in the plant’s aerial parts, and the Cd concentration of brown rice from DS was 21.8%–43.3% significantly higher than those from ST and MT at maturity stage (p<0.05). During the vegetative stages, the Cd uptake percentage was higher in DS than MT rice, and those plants arising from the DS method were capable of absorbing more Cd earlier in their growth and development. Conversely, using DS decreased the amount of iron plaque covering the root surface in every growth stage, especially in the critical period of Cd accumulation, such that the roots’ middle areas were distinguished by a near-complete absence of iron plaque, thus weakening its role as an effective barrier to Cd uptake from soil. Collectively, this study demonstrated that implementing the DS mode of planting will increase Cd’s distribution in the aboveground parts of rice, and heightening the risk of Cd contamination in grain.     

Effect of current density on groundwater arsenite removal performance using air cathode electrocoagulation

• With the same charge, current density had little effect on As(III) removal in ACEC. • ACEC had the lowest energy consumption compared with EC/O₂ or EC/N₂. • There was a trade-off relationship between energy consumption and removal time. • The ·OH concentration in ACEC was 1.5 times of that in the EC/O₂ system. Naturally occurring arsenic enrichment in groundwater poses a huge threat to human health. Air cathode electrocoagulation (ACEC) has recently been proposed to enhance As(III) oxidation and lower energy consumption. In this study, ACEC, EC/O₂ and EC/N₂ were evaluated with different current densities from 1 to 8 mA/cm² to investigate the effect on As(III) removal in different redox environments. Current density had no appreciable effect on arsenic removal efficiency given the same charge in ACEC because the concentration ratio of Fe/H₂O₂ under different current densities remained stable. However, in EC/O₂ and EC/N₂, As(III) removal was inhibited at higher current densities (4–8 mA/cm²), likely because more Fe(II) competed with As(III) for the oxidant, leading to less effective oxidation of As(III). In all EC systems, the ·OH units generated per power consumption reached the highest value at the lowest current density. Compared with other EC systems, the ACEC system showed lower energy consumption at all current densities due to the low energy consumption of the electrode reaction and more free radical generation. A lower current density saved more energy at the expense of time, showing the trade-off relationship between energy consumption and removal time. The operation costs for As(III) removal under optimal conditions were calculated as 0.028 $/m³ for ACEC, 0.030 $/m³ for EC/O₂, and 0.085 $/m³ for EC/N₂     

超临界水氧化法处理固体废物的研究进展

超临界水氧化法作为一种新兴的高级氧化技术具有广阔的应用前景,该方法在处理固体废物方面具有独特的优势。介绍了超临界水的特性和超临界水氧化法的反应机理及超临界水氧化法在固体废物处理方面的应用现状,提出了该方法要达到工业化应用亟待解决的理论和实际问题,对超临界水氧化法的发展方向进行了展望。     

Organic phosphorus fractions in organically amended paddy soils in continuously and intermittently flooded conditions

Soil organic phosphorus (SOP) can greatly contribute to plant-available P and P nutrition. The study was conducted to determine the effects of organic amendments on organic P fractions and microbiological activities in paddy soils. Samples were collected at the Changshu Agro-ecological Experiment Station in Tahu Lake Basin, China, from an experiment that has been performed from 1999 to 2004, on a paddy soil (Gleysols). Treatments consisted of swine manure (SM), wheat straw (WS), swine manure plus wheat straw (SM + WS), and a control (chemical fertilization alone). Organic amendments markedly increased soil total organic phosphorus (TOP) and total organic carbon (TOC), especially in continuously flooded conditions. Based on the fractionation of SOP, organic amendments significantly increased soil labile organic phosphorus (LOP), moderately labile organic phosphorus (MLOP), and moderately stable organic phosphorus (MSOP) compared with the control. For SM and SM + WS treatments, LOP in continuously flooded soils decreased by 30.1 and 36.4%, respectively, compared to intermittently flooded soils. In organically amended soils, continuous flooding showed significantly lower microbial biomass phosphorus (MBP) and alkaline phosphatase activities (APA) than intermittent flooding. In intermittently flooded conditions, incorporating organic amendments into soil resulted in greater P uptake and biomass yield of rice than the control. In the intermittently flooded soils, APA (P < 0.05) and MBP (P < 0.01) were significantly and positively related to TOP, LOP, MLOP, and MSOP, whereas in continuously flooded soils, there was a significant (P < 0.05) negative relationship between MBP, TOP, and MSOP. Based on soil organic P fractions and soil enzymatic and microbiological activities, continuous flooding applied to paddy soils should be avoided, especially when swine manure is incorporated into paddy soil.     

利用多模式集合和多元线性回归改进北京PM_(10)预报

本研究将多模式集合预报和多元线性回归集成方法结合起来减小空气质量预报的不确定性.首先评估了北京空气质量多模式集合预报系统中3个模式成员(NAQPMS、CAMx、CMAQ)对北京地区PM10日均浓度的预报性能,在此基础上引入多元线性回归将历史观测信息纳入进来对3个模式预报结果进行集成,并将集成预报结果与3个模式算术平均的预报结果进行比较.结果发现:1不同模式的预报结果差异较大,并没有一个模式的预报技巧完全优于其它两个模式,其中CMAQ对北京PM10变化趋势的预报优于其它两个模式,NAQPMS预报的均方根误差整体低于其他两个模式.2多模式预报结果的算术平均在趋势预报和偏差两项指标上都低于部分单模式预报,并不能有效改进PM10预报;基于分站点的模式和观测数据构建的多元线性回归集成预报模型能显著提高PM10预报的准确率,选定合适的训练天数(36 d)后,28个站点PM10日均值预报的均方根误差相对单模式预报或集合平均预报下降32%~43%,预报偏差大幅减小至5.8μg·m-3,总体预报技巧显著优于单模式和多模式算术平均的预报结果,并且采用线性回归集成方法大幅提高了对污染过程的预报能力.     

镧-甘氨酸配合物对镉伤害小白菜的影响

以盆栽法研究Ｃｄ对小白菜的伤害与Ｌａ－Ｇｌｙ对Ｃｄ伤害小白菜的生态生理效应。结果表明,２００ｍｇ／ＬＣｄＣｌ２严重抑制小白菜代谢与生长,叶面施用１００ｍｇ／ＬＬａ－Ｇｌｙ１次,能减轻Ｃｄ造成的伤害。     

电晕放电等离子体同时去除水中Cr(Ⅵ)和苯酚的实验研究

采用电晕放电等离子体同时去除水中Cr（Ⅵ）和苯酚,考察了输出功率、空气流速、初始pH值、初始浓度以及Cr（Ⅵ）和苯酚的比例关系对Cr（Ⅵ）和苯酚去除效率的影响.实验结果表明,电晕放电等离子体对水中Cr（Ⅵ）和苯酚有好的去除效率.在初始浓度均为30mg·L-1、pH=2.1、空气流量0.05m3·h-1、初始电导率2.26mS·m-1、电极间距6mm、输出功率为60W的条件下,反应时间40min,Cr（Ⅵ）的去除率可达98.8%,苯酚去除率99.9%.实验结果证明,苯酚的存在可以提高Cr（Ⅵ）的去除效率,过量的苯酚对Cr（Ⅵ）的去除没有促进作用,Cr（Ⅵ）的存在对苯酚的去除没有影响.     

可降解塑料及聚氨酯研究现状与发展趋势

在环境危机日益严重、环境保护的要求日益迫切的形势下,降解塑料已成为高分子材料领域的研究热点。聚氨酯材料在包装和医疗领域具有广泛的应用,其可降解化研究具有重要的科学和社会意义。总结和回顾了可降解聚氨酯材料领域的现状及发展历程,阐述了其性能特点及需要解决的技术问题与难点,展望了本领域未来的发展趋势。