基于概率论和BP网络的水质评价与灰色动态预测模型

讨论了BP网络模型存在的不足。提出了建立合理的BP网络模型的基本原则和步骤。针对水质评价与预测问题。通过在各类水质污染指标浓度区间内生成随机分布样本的方法。组成足够多用于BP网络训练、检验和泛化能力评定用的样本。建立了南京市秦淮外河水体水质评价的BP网络模型：给出了区分不同类别水质的模型分界值样本和模型输出分界值。用概率分布理论分析处于相邻类别水质过渡状态水体的水质属性。建立的水质评价模型应用于实例表明。南京市秦淮外河水体1991—1996年水质为V类向IV类转变。1992年水质最差，1996年水质最好。灰色动态预测模型计算表明。从1997到2001年。南京市秦淮外河水体水质逐年变好。     

Statistical hypothesis testing formulations for U.S. environmental regulatory standards for ozone

Environmental regulatory standards are intended to protect human health and environmental welfare. Current standards are based on scientific and policy considerations but appear to lack rigorous statistical foundations and may have unintended regulatory consequences. We examine current and proposed U.S. environmental regulatory standards for ozone from the standpoint of their formulation and performance within a statistical hypothesis testing framework. We illustrate that the standards can be regarded as representing constraints on a percentile of the ozone distribution, where the percentile involved depends on the defined length of ozone season and the constraint is stricter in regions with greater variability. A hypothesis testing framework allows consideration of error rates (probability of false declaration of violation and compliance) and we show that the existing statistics on which the standards are based can be improved upon in terms of bias and variance. Our analyses also raise issues relating to network design and the possibilities of defining a regionally based standard that acknowledges and accounts for spatial and temporal variability in the ozone distribution.     

试论资源战略

本文从资源战略研究的两个相互联系的方面展开讨论,第一部分论述了资源战略评价的基本公式与三大要点,即总体评价、相关评价和潜力评价;第二部分首次提出资源战略决策的程序,包括开发利用方向、开发利用规模、开发利用布局、开发利用时序、开发利用方式和资源保护等不同层次的内容,构成资源开发决策的完整体系。全文系统地阐述了资源战略研究的中心内容和基本方法,客观地反映了资源战略研究的规律性。     

氮肥对污泥农用后土壤中重金属活性的影响

讨论了土壤中重金属活性的主要影响因素及氮肥对污泥农用后土壤中重金属的吸附—解吸、根际土壤重金属化学行为及植物吸收的影响,提出了农业生产过程中缓减和降低氮肥对土壤中重金属活性影响的措施:按规定合理施用污泥或活性污肥,提倡科学合理施用氮肥,因地制宜选择氮肥,结合改良剂施肥。     

Biotransformation of cyanide to methane and ammonia by Klebsiella oxytoca

Klebsiella oxytoca, isolated from cyanide-containing industrial wastewater, was shown to be able to biodegrade cyanide to non-toxic endproducts using cyanide as the sole nitrogen source. In this study, ammonia was one of the detected endproduct of cyanide biodegradation by the concentrated resting cells of K. oxytoca. Moreover, cyanide has been shown to be biotransformed to methane through the actions of concentrated resting cells. Biodegradation of cyanide by cell-free extracts was not observed, which might be due to the inactivation of nitrogenase (an oxygen-labial enzyme) caused by the oxygen exposure after cell disruption. Results show that the cyanide consumption by resting cells of K. oxytoca was induced when the pretreatment of these cells with cyanide was conducted. However, the cyanide-degrading capability of resting cells pretreated with ammonia was inhibited. The inhibition of cyanide degradation by resting cells of K. oxytoca was affected by the ammonia concentration. This might result from the suppression of nitrogenase activity of K. oxytoca by ammonia since nitrogenase was suggested to be the sole cyanide-degrading enzyme during the cyanide degradation process. Results from this study also show that the processes of cyanide biodegradation and ammonia production by resting cells occurred simultaneously. This suggests that the utilization of cyanide as nitrogen source by K. oxytoca might proceed using ammonia as an assimilatory substrate.     

Removal of ammonia solutions used in catalytic wet oxidation processes

Ammonia (NH(3)) is an important product used in the chemical industry, and is common place in industrial wastewater. Industrial wastewater containing ammonia is generally either toxic or has concentrations or temperatures such that direct biological treatment is unfeasible. This investigation used aqueous solutions containing more of ammonia for catalytic liquid-phase oxidation in a trickle-bed reactor (TBR) based on Cu/La/Ce composite catalysts, prepared by co-precipitation of Cu(NO(3))(2), La(NO(3))(2), and Ce(NO(3))(3) at 7:2:1 molar concentrations. The experimental results indicated that the ammonia conversion of the wet oxidation in the presence of the Cu/La/Ce composite catalysts was determined by the Cu/La/Ce catalyst. Minimal ammonia was removed from the solution by the wet oxidation in the absence of any catalyst, while approximately 91% ammonia removal was achieved by wet oxidation over the Cu/La/Ce catalyst at 230 degrees C with oxygen partial pressure of 2.0 MPa. Furthermore, the effluent streams were conducted at a liquid hourly space velocity of under 9 h(-1) in the wet catalytic processes, and a reaction pathway was found linking the oxidizing ammonia to nitric oxide, nitrogen and water. The solution contained by-products, including nitrates and nitrites. Nitrite selectivity was minimized and ammonia removal maximized when the feed ammonia solution had a pH of around 12.0.     

具有K2NiF4型结构的稀土复合氧化物对有机胺的催化降解作用研究

采用柠檬酸络合分解法合成了四方晶点、Ｋ２ＮｉＦ４型结构的稀土复合氧人ＬａＳｒＭＯ４（Ｍ＝Ｍｎ，Ｆｅ，Ｃｏ，Ｎｉ）。实验结果，该类氧化物催化剂对恶臭和有毒的有机胺类化合物具有较好的催化降解作用，有机胺的氧降解可达１００％，而氮氧化物的产生率低于１０％，其含量可大大低于排放标准。     

基于神经网络的活性污泥系统建模及其控制

针对松江污水厂污水处理活性污泥系统，采用神经网络技术进行建模试验研究，在对实际运行数据剔除异常数据后，将样本数据随机分成训练样本、检验样本和测试样本。用试凑法确定合理的神经网络隐层节点数，用检验样本实时监控训练过程从而避免“过训练”现象，用多次改变网络初始连接权值求得全局极小点，从而建立了泛化能力较好的基于神经网络的活性污泥系统数学模型。利用建立的神经网络模型，对活性污泥系统运行情况的仿真与控制进行了分析研究。示例研究表明：神经网络技术能较好地应用于活性污泥系统的建模与控制，有很好的理论与实践意义。     

Dovehicular emissions dominate the source of C6-C8aromatics in the megacity Shanghai of eastern China?

The characteristic ratios of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) to i-pentane, the indicator of vehicular emissions, were employed to apportion the vehicular and non-vehicular contributions to reactive species in urban Shanghai. Two kinds of tunnel experiments, one tunnelwith more than 90% light duty gasoline vehicles and the otherwithmore than 60% light duty diesel vehicles, were carried out to study the characteristic ratios of vehicle-related emissions from December 2009 to January 2010. Based on the experiments, the characteristic ratios of C6-C8 aromatics to i-pentane of vehicular emissions were 0.53 ± 0.08 (benzene), 0.70 ± 0.12 (toluene), 0.41 ± 0.09 (m,p-xylenes), 0.16 ± 0.04 (o-xylene), 0.023 ± 0.011 (styrene), and 0.15 ± 0.02 (ethylbenzene), respectively. The source apportionment results showed that around 23.3% of C6-C8 aromatics in urban Shanghai were from vehicular emissions, which meant that the non-vehicular emissions had more importance. These findings suggested that emission control of non-vehicular sources, i.e. industrial emissions, should also receive attention in addition to the control of vehicle-related emissions in Shanghai. The chemical removal of VOCs during the transport from emissions to the receptor site had a large impact on the apportionment results. Generally, the overestimation of vehicular contributions would occur when the VOC reaction rate constant with OH radicals (k_OH) was larger than that of the vehicular indicator, while for species with smaller kOH than the vehicular indicator, the vehicular contribution would be underestimated by the method of characteristic ratios.