Spatial Validation of Land Use Change Models Using Multiple Assessment Techniques: A Case Study of Transition Potential Models

Using land use and cover change (LUCC) models for the urban growth planning, environmental assessment, and decision-making needs the establishment of an appropriate level of confidence in their performance. The objective of this research is to explore the importance of using multiple assessment techniques in order to fairly evaluate the performance of land use models. An application is conducted by using the Land Change Modeler for Ecological Sustainability (LCM) which is an empirical and transition potential model. LCM is applied to model the agricultural to developed areas transition in Rennes metropolitan area (France). The land demand is estimated using the Markov Chain model; whereas, the transition potential map is implemented using the Multi-Layer Perceptron Neural Network (MLP) method based on historical changes and driving variables. The model performance is assessed based on a variety of the most commonly used validation techniques. At the study area level, the correctness and disagreement analysis shows that LCM performs better at predicting the amount than the allocation of developed areas. Additionally, landscape metrics reveal that LCM tends to predict a fragmented urban form, which seems evident because of the large number of the individual urban patches. At the municipality level, the error budget analysis shows that the model performance, which varies highly between different subareas, needs to be improved. Moreover, the cross-tabulation between the transition potential map and both the observed and the predicted agricultural to developed areas transitions reveals that the order of the transition potential values does not perfectly fit the observed change; whereas, the predicted change is not solely limited to areas with high potential.     

Mercury Air Emission from Coal-Fired Public Power Sector: Uncertainty and Its Monthly Distribution. Case Study from Poland

The paper presents two aspects concerned with the mercury air emission inventory from coal-fired public power and energy plants: an uncertainty analysis, using Monte Carlo simulation (Journal of the American Statistical Association, 44(247), 335–341 1949) and the monthly distributions applying the Denton-Cholette approach (Dagum & Cholette 2006). The analysis determines uncertainty about the estimates mercury air emission from 1990 to 2012 including the development of air pollution control (APC) technologies in the Polish public power and energy sector, also the monthly distributions in comparison with previously obtained results (H?awiczka 2008). The uncertainty of mercury (Hg) content in fuel is 31.6% for hard coal and 42.4% for brown coal. The confidence interval for the estimated emission changed from [kg] (16,082.2; 16,242.2) in 1990 to (10,525.9;10,671.1) in 2012. However, the Denton-Cholette approach overestimates the emissions for the warmer periods of the year, but it could, however, in our view, be applied to attain the monthly distributions.     

生物滴滤池法处理废气动力学模式研究

基于物料平衡和微生物降解废水中污染物的动力学模式,以丙酮、甲苯为处理对象提出了生物滴滤池处理废气的模式。当入口浓度C_(in)较低,小于临界浓度C_(crit),时,C=C_(in)EXP((-B/V_g)·H);当人口浓度C_(in)较高,大于临界浓度C_(crit)时,C=C_(in)-(K_0X/V_g)·H。研究表明,实验结果与模式计算结果吻合较好。     

文山州经济与社会可持续发展探讨

文山州矿产，森林，水力资源丰富，近年来在经济迅速发展的同时，一些不合理的开发与利用，也带来了资源及环境污染问题。本文分析了文山州经济发展与环境状况，对经济与环境协调发展问题提出一些建议。     

冀南野生木本资源植物研究

冀南产野生木本资源植物200种，隶属43科91属。其中超过5种的科有13个，蔷薇科30种最多，其次为豆科24种，忍冬科、榆科、杨柳科均在10种以上。1、油松Pinustabulaeformis松科。木材可供建筑、电杆、矿柱、造船、家具及木纤维工业原料等用材；树干可提取松节油；树皮可提取栲胶     

珠穆朗玛峰北坡绒布冰川区水体的化学特征

１９９７－０５在珠峰地区绒布冰川采集的４类水样的实测资料表明,本区各类水体都呈碱性,ＰＨ值的大小顺序为：湖水〉湖水〉表层雪。河水和湖水的阴离子以ＳＯ＾２－４为最大,而表层雪样品以Ｃｌ－最大;     

南黄海营养盐的垂直分布特性及其垂向输运规律

根据“中韩黄海水循环动力学合作研究”项目１９９６～１９９８年６个航次的调查资料，对南黄海营养盐的垂直分布特征及其垂向输运规律进行了初步探讨。结果表明：（１）南黄海中北部（３４～３７°Ｎ），除冬季营养盐呈垂直均匀分布外，其他季节在远岸海域则呈现明显的层化现象，且在某些海域营养盐等值线呈上凸趋势或呈马鞍形分布，这与生物活动和黄海冷水团及其垂直环流有关；在近岸浅水区，营养盐基本呈垂直均匀分布。（２）南黄海南部（３４°Ｎ以南）：西侧浅水区（水深＜４０ｍ），营养盐基本呈垂直均匀分布且含量很高；东侧深水区，冬、春季营养盐垂直分布均匀且含量较低，夏、秋季时由于来自东海北部的冷水沿坡爬升，营养盐等值线呈极明显的上凸趋势。     

研究海洋环境质量生物标准的意义及其内容

阐述研究制订海洋环境质量生物标准的必要性和重要意义，介绍生物标准应用的概况和国际上应用的鱼贝类污染物含量标准。依据海洋污染研究进展和我国海洋监测管理水平，探讨我国生物标准制订的内容，提出宜选用海洋双壳类，以有毒污染物含量以及微生物污染指标和赤潮毒素等为主要内容，研究制订适应我国国情的生物标准     

Integrated assessment of urban environment in China

１　ＩｎｔｒｏｄｕｃｔｉｏｎＩｎｔｅｇｒａｔｅｄｅｎｖｉｒｏｎｍｅｎｔａｌａｓｓｅｓｓｍｅｎｔ（ＩＥＡ）ｉｓａｆｕｎｄａｍｅｎｔａｌｍｅａｎｓｆｏｒｃｏｍｐｒｅｈｅｎｓｉｖｅｅｎｖｉｒｏｎｍｅｎｔａｌｍａｎａｇｅｍｅｎｔａｎｄｆｏｒｃｏｏｒｄｉｎａｔｉｎｇｔｈｅｒｅｌａｔｉｏｎｓｈｉｐｂｅｔｗｅｅｎｅｃｏｎｏｍｉｃｄｅｖｅｌｏｐｍｅｎｔａｎｄｅｎｖｉｒｏｎｍｅｎｔａｌｐｒｏｔｅｃｔｉｏｎ．ＩＥＡａｉｍｓｔｏｉｄｅｎｔｉｆｙｔｈｅｍａｉｎｅｎｖｉｒｏｎｍｅｎｔａｌｐｒｏｂｌｅｍｓｉｎａｒｅｇｉｏｎ…     

简述日本降低燃煤锅炉NOX产生的实用技术

简要介绍了日本降低燃煤锅炉ＮＯＸ产生的实用技术，从ＮＯＸ的产生机制入手，以抑制ＮＯＸ的产生为目的，叙述了改善燃烧方法及改善燃烧器的原理，模式图及实用现状。