好氧/厌氧多级串联潜流人工湿地脱氮效果

为了调整传统潜流湿地内部溶解氧分布状态,提高其对生活污水水质净化的效率,对传统潜流湿地进行了不同区段的划分及功能强化,设计了不同结构的好氧/厌氧多级串联潜流人工湿地,研究了好氧/厌氧段比例、位置及人工曝气等因素对脱氮效率的影响,并与传统潜流湿地进行净化效果的比较.结果表明,传统潜流湿地对NH4+-N和TN的去除率分别为...     

Performance and microbial community analysis of an algal-activated sludge symbiotic system: Effect of activated sludge concentration

It was focused on the effect of different sludge concentrations on the performances of an algal-activated sludge symbiotic system in terms of wastewater treatment, algal-activated sludge characteristics and community structure. The results showed that the highest nutrient removal efficiencies were obtained in the reactor R~2 with soluble chemical oxygen demand(sC OD), ammonia nitrogen(NH_4~+-N) and phosphate(PO_4~(3-)-P) removal efficiencies of(90.6 ± 2.3)%,(97.69 ± 2.6)% and(83.81 ± 2.3)%, respectively. Further investigation exhibited that sludge concentration has a great effect on the dissolved oxygen(DO) concentration, the pH, the growth of algae and the extracellular polymeric substance(EPS) production, which resulted in influencing the settleability and the performance of symbiotic system. The denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis(DGGE) analysis demonstrated that the sludge concentration had a selective power for particular members of algae. Meantime, the stimulated algal population would selectively excite the members of bacteria benefited for the formation of algal-bacterial consortia.The variation of microbial compositions, which was influenced by the different sludge concentrations, might be ultimately responsible for the different treatment performances.     

S210线轻钢结构滚石防护棚洞动力响应与优化研究

以2013年芦山7.0级地震生命通道S210线滚石灾害防治为背景,在崩塌滚石灾害特征调查和研究的基础上,根据S210线应急抢险的需求,提出一种新型轻钢结构滚石防护棚洞技术:采用钢板和槽钢为主骨架,双层钢板夹EPS材料为顶板,并将顶板设为20°~25°以提高抗冲击能力。通过动力有限元数值模拟,开展滚石冲击荷载下轻钢结构棚洞动力响应机理与优化设计研究。计算结果表明:轻钢结构棚洞具有较强的抗滚石冲击能力,能承受1 500 k J滚石冲击能量,且施工方便快捷,不影响正常交通,是S210线应急保通较为理想的滚石防护措施。目前轻钢结构棚洞已在S210线滚石危险区段投入使用,效果显著,对确保震后S210线畅通和灾后重建发挥了重要作用,也可在类似山区公路滚石灾害防治中推广应用。     

基于云模型和熵权法的巢湖流域防洪减灾能力评估

防洪减灾能力评估是洪涝灾害管理急需解决的重大问题之一。从防洪除涝能力、监测预警能力、抢险救灾能力及灾害管理能力4个方面来构建指标体系,建立基于云模型和熵权法的巢湖流域防洪减灾能力评估模型,对整个流域以及流域内各县市的防洪减灾能力进行评估,并与通过组合赋权法及最优分割法得到的结果进行验证对比。以期为防洪减灾能力评估提供新的思路,对巢湖流域的防洪减灾能力建设提供科学依据。研究结果表明:巢湖流域整体防洪减灾能力属于中等偏上水平,但流域内部差异明显;其中合肥市辖区、和县的防洪减灾能力属于高水平;巢湖市、含山县处于中等水平;肥西县和庐江县位于较低水平;肥东县、无为县、舒城县的防洪减灾能力则最低。     

Picoplankton and virioplankton abundance and community structure in Pearl River Estuary and Daya Bay, South China

By using flow cytometry techniques, we investigated the abundance and composition of the heterotrophic prokaryotes, virioplankton and picophytoplankton community in the Pearl River Estuary and Daya Bay in the summer of 2012. We identified two subgroups of prokaryotes, high nucleic acid(HNA) and low nucleic acid(LNA), characterized by different nucleic acid contents. HNA abundance was significantly correlated with larger phytoplankton and Synechococcus(Syn) abundance, which suggested the important role of organic substrates released from primary producers on bacterial growth. Although LNA did not show any association with environmental variables, it was a vital component of the microbial community. In contrast to previous studies, the total virioplankton concentration had a poor relationship with nutrient availability. The positive relationship between large-sized phytoplankton abundance and the V–I population confirmed that V–I was a phytoplankton-infecting viral subgroup. Although the V–II group(bacteriophages)was dominant in the virioplankton community, it was not related with prokaryotic abundance, which indicated factors other than hosts controlling V–II abundance or the uncertainty of virus-host coupling. With respect to the picophytoplankton community,our results implied that river input exerted a strong limitation to Syn distribution in the estuary, while picoeukaryotes(Euk) were numerically less abundant and showed a quite different distribution pattern from that of Syn, and hence presented ecological properties distinct from Syn in our two studied areas.     

Characterization of odorous charge and photochemical reactivity of VOC emissions from a full-scale food waste treatment plant in China

Food waste treatment plants (FWTPs) are usually associated with odorous nuisance and health risks, which are partially caused by volatile organic compound (VOC) emissions. This study investigated the VOC emissions from a selected full-scale FWTP in China. The feedstock used in this plant was mainly collected from local restaurants. For a year, the FWTP was closely monitored on specific days in each season. Four major indoor treatment units of the plant, including the storage room, sorting/crushing room, hydrothermal hydrolysis unit, and aerobic fermentation unit, were chosen as the monitoring locations. The highest mean concentration of total VOC emissions was observed in the aerobic fermentation unit at 21,748.2–31,283.3 μg/m³, followed by the hydrothermal hydrolysis unit at 10,798.1–23,144.4 μg/m³. The detected VOC families included biogenic compounds (oxygenated compounds, hydrocarbons, terpenes, and organosulfur compounds) and abiogenic compounds (aromatic hydrocarbons and halocarbons). Oxygenated compounds, particularly alcohols, were the most abundant compounds in all samples. With the use of odor index analysis and principal components analysis, the hydrothermal hydrolysis and aerobic fermentation units were clearly distinguished from the pre-treatment units, as characterized by their higher contributions to odorous nuisance. Methanthiol was the dominant odorant in the hydrothermal hydrolysis unit, whereas aldehyde was the dominant odorant in the aerobic fermentation unit. Terpenes, specifically limonene, had the highest level of propylene equivalent concentration during the monitoring periods. This concentration can contribute to the increase in the atmospheric reactivity and ozone formation potential in the surrounding air.     

Characterization of odorous charge and photochemical reactivity of VOC emissions from a full-scale food waste treatment plant in China

Food waste treatment plants(FWTPs) are usually associated with odorous nuisance and health risks, which are partially caused by volatile organic compound(VOC) emissions. This study investigated the VOC emissions from a selected full-scale FWTP in China. The feedstock used in this plant was mainly collected from local restaurants. For a year, the FWTP was closely monitored on specific days in each season. Four major indoor treatment units of the plant, including the storage room, sorting/crushing room, hydrothermal hydrolysis unit, and aerobic fermentation unit, were chosen as the monitoring locations.The highest mean concentration of total VOC emissions was observed in the aerobic fermentation unit at 21,748.2–31,283.3 μg/m3, followed by the hydrothermal hydrolysis unit at 10,798.1–23,144.4 μg/m3. The detected VOC families included biogenic compounds(oxygenated compounds, hydrocarbons, terpenes, and organosulfur compounds) and abiogenic compounds(aromatic hydrocarbons and halocarbons). Oxygenated compounds,particularly alcohols, were the most abundant compounds in all samples. With the use of odor index analysis and principal components analysis, the hydrothermal hydrolysis and aerobic fermentation units were clearly distinguished from the pre-treatment units, as characterized by their higher contributions to odorous nuisance. Methanthiol was the dominant odorant in the hydrothermal hydrolysis unit, whereas aldehyde was the dominant odorant in the aerobic fermentation unit. Terpenes, specifically limonene, had the highest level of propylene equivalent concentration during the monitoring periods. This concentration can contribute to the increase in the atmospheric reactivity and ozone formation potential in the surrounding air.     

Genome-wide identification and hormone expression patterns of the MaPIF family of banana genes北大核心CSCD

植物光敏色素作用因子(phytochrome interacting factor,PIF)是广泛分布于植物体内的一种转录因子,在植物的生长发育方面有着重要的作用.基于香蕉基因组数据,对香蕉MaPIF基因家族进行基因组鉴定,采用生物信息学分析方法对其进行命名,分析理化性质、蛋白质结构、基因结构、启动子顺势作用元件以及构建系统进化树;分析PIF家族在不同激素处理下的表达情况.结果显示,香蕉MaPIF家族有7个成员,均含有高度保守的bHLH结构域;编码区长度在1 116-2001bp之间,至少包含5个内含子,且大部分位于细胞外;进化树结果可以发现与拟南芥、水稻以及玉米PIF的亲缘关系较近;顺式作用元件预测结果显示,MaPIF上存在多种与激素和光相关的响应元件.qRT-PCR结果显示,MaPIF3-1、MaPIF4、MaPIF4-1在生长素(IAA)、赤霉素(GA)、生长素抑制剂(NPA)处理中均有显著表达,除此之外,所有成员在脱落酸(ABA)处理下均有明显表达.本研究表明MaPIF在香蕉生长发育中激素调控有重要作用.(图7表3参45)     

脱硫剂微观结构对脱硫性能的影响

采用扫描电镜和压汞仪对3种贝壳和1种石灰石的微观结构及孔径分布进行了测量,采用热重分析方法对各种脱硫剂的脱硫性能进行了测试.比较发现,各种贝壳煅烧后的晶粒呈薄片状,晶粒之间孔径均大于0.2μm,比孔容较大;石灰石煅烧后晶粒呈颗粒状,晶粒之间孔径多数在0.01～0.16μm之间,比表面积很大,但比孔容较小.贝壳中直径大于0.2μm的气孔,允许气体扩散至颗粒内部,气孔表面同时参加脱硫反应,且反应过程中不易被反应产物所堵塞,脱硫反应进行较彻底,钙利用率较高.另外,在满足气体扩散的前提下,减小孔径尺寸,增加反应比表面积,将对脱硫反应有利.     

Evolution and decay of gravity wavefields in weak-rotating environments: a laboratory study

Gravity waves are prominent physical features that play a fundamental role in transport processes of stratified aquatic ecosystems. In a two-layer stratified basin, the equations of motion for the first vertical mode are equivalent to the linearised shallow water equations for a homogeneous fluid. We adopted this framework to examine the spatiotemporal structure of gravity wavefields weakly affected by the background rotation of a single-layer system of equivalent thickness \(h_{\ell }\), via laboratory experiments performed in a cylindrical basin mounted on a turntable. The wavefield was generated by the release of a diametral linear tilt of the air–water interface, \(\eta _{\ell }\), inducing a basin-scale perturbation that evolved in response to the horizontal pressure gradient and the rotation-induced acceleration. The basin-scale wave response was controlled by an initial perturbation parameter, \({\mathcal{A}}_{*} = \eta _{0}/h_{\ell }\), where \(\eta _{0}\) was the initial displacement of the air–water interface, and by the strength of the background rotation controlled by the Burger number, \({\mathcal{S}}\). We set the experiments to explore a transitional regime from moderate- to weak-rotational environments, \(0.65\le {\mathcal{S}} \le 2\), for a wide range of initial perturbations, \(0.05\le {\mathcal{A}}_{*}\le 1.0\). The evolution of \(\eta _{\ell }\) was registered over a diametral plane by recording a laser-induced optical fluorescence sheet and using a capacitive sensor located near the lateral boundary. The evolution of the gravity wavefields showed substantial variability as a function of the rotational regimes and the radial position. The results demonstrate that the strength of rotation and nonlinearities control the bulk decay rate of the basin-scale gravity waves. The ratio between the experimentally estimated damping timescale, \(T_{d}\), and the seiche period of the basin, \(T_{g}\), has a median value of \(T_{d}/T_{g}\approx 11\), a maximum value of \(T_{d}/T_{g}\approx 10^{3}\) and a minimum value of \(T_{d}/T_{g}\approx 5\). The results of this study are significant for the understanding the dynamics of gravity waves in waterbodies weakly affected by Coriolis acceleration, such as mid- to small-size lakes.