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121.
Wijnhoven S van der Velde G Leuven RS Eijsackers HJ Smits AJ 《Environmental pollution (Barking, Essex : 1987)》2006,140(3):444-452
Turbation is hypothesized to affect the redistribution of heavy metals in polluted floodplain soils by effects on mobility. This hypothesis was tested in microcosms by turbation of zinc-spiked sediment top layers. Manual turbation caused a fast decrease of the zinc content in the upper 15 cm of the soil, even though turbation was only applied to the upper two centimetres. It was especially zinc attached to colloid and organic matter particles that was redistributed from the top layer. Percolation processes resulted in the attached zinc being drained to depths of more than 15 cm. The decrease in zinc content of the topsoil was even stronger in combination with inundation. No indications were found for the redistribution of zinc as a result of an increase of the extractability with 0.01 M CaCl2 or changes in pH. The findings suggest that mechanical turbation and bioturbation may redistribute heavy metals from topsoils in polluted floodplains just after inundation as observed in these turbation experiments. 相似文献
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Michel Potier Jocelyne Cousineau Lorraine Michaud Max Zolinger Serge B. Melançon Louis Dallaire 《黑龙江环境通报》1986,6(6):429-436
The intestinal microvilli of fetal origin in human amniotic fluid were purified by Ca2+ precipitation of contaminating organelles followed by differential centrifugation of microvillar membranes. In the purified preparation, the specific activity of the microvillar marker-enzymes maltase and sucrase increased about 77-fold over that in cell-free amniotic fluid. Significant contamination of the purified preparation by endoplasmic reticulum (microsomes) and lysosomes was ruled out on the basis of a low content of the marker enzymes glucose-6-phosphatase (microsomes) and acid phosphatase (lysosomes). Amniotic fluid microvilli contain typical enzymes of the fetal intestine including maltase, sucrase, trehalase, alkaline phosphatase and γ-glutamyltransferase, and their morphology by electron microscopy resembles that of vesiculated intestinal microvilli. Prenatal detection of genetic diseases due to a deficiency of a protein expressed in these membranes or associated to abnormal microvilli seems feasible. 相似文献
126.
Genetic Analysis of the Endangered Island Endemic Malacothamnus fasciculatus (Nutt.) Greene var. nesioticus (Rob.) Kearn. (Malvaceae) 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
Susan M. Swensen Gerard J. Allan Melanie Howe Wayne J. Elisens Steven A. Junak Loren H. Rieseberg 《Conservation biology》1995,9(2):404-415
Isozyme, randomly amplified polymorphic DNA, and ribosomal DNA analyses were used to evaluate the genetic distinctness and diversity of the endangered island endemic Malacothamnus fasciculatus var. nesioticus (Santa Cruz Island bush mallow). Analysis of amplified DNA profiles and electrophoretic data indicates that var. nesioticus is genetically distinct from other varieties within the species. No isozyme or amplified DNA variation was detected among individuals of nesioticus populations, but restriction site analysis of ribosomal DNA revealed the presence of three closely related genotypes within one of the nesioticus populations. Apparent clonal structuring was found in both nesioticus populations and in one mainland population, var. nuttallli . Results from these analyses provide the background necessary for the design of conservation efforts with recovery goals that insure the long-term survival of Malacothamnus fasciculatus var. nesioticus . 相似文献
127.
Gerard I.J.M.Zwetsloot 《生态毒理学报》2003,25(3):84-88
内在的安全性,是一种利用没有毒性、可燃性或不稳定性的工艺与材料的方法,它通常被认为是化工厂设计的一个重要概念.受到清洁生产成功发展的鼓舞,进行了一项类似的有关内在安全生产的发展可行性研究.在1997-1998年进行的初步试验案例中,发展并检验了一个产生内在安全的技术选择的方法论.该研究表明,大部分选择的偿还时间少于两年,而且内在安全的生产是一个可行的概念,有可能同时产生巨大的安全与经济成效的改善,并且可以结合进清洁生产计划. 相似文献
128.
Relationship between different size classes of particulate matter and meteorology in three European cities 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
de Hartog JJ Hoek G Mirme A Tuch T Kos GP ten Brink HM Brunekreef B Cyrys J Heinrich J Pitz M Lanki T Vallius M Pekkanen J Kreyling WG 《Journal of environmental monitoring : JEM》2005,7(4):302-310
Evidence on the correlation between particle mass and (ultrafine) particle number concentrations is limited. Winter- and spring-time measurements of urban background air pollution were performed in Amsterdam (The Netherlands), Erfurt (Germany) and Helsinki (Finland), within the framework of the EU funded ULTRA study. Daily average concentrations of ambient particulate matter with a 50% cut off of 2.5 microm (PM2.5), total particle number concentrations and particle number concentrations in different size classes were collected at fixed monitoring sites. The aim of this paper is to assess differences in particle concentrations in several size classes across cities, the correlation between different particle fractions and to assess the differential impact of meteorological factors on their concentrations. The medians of ultrafine particle number concentrations were similar across the three cities (range 15.1 x 10(3)-18.3 x 10(3) counts cm(-3)). Within the ultrafine particle fraction, the sub fraction (10-30 nm) made a higher contribution to particle number concentrations in Erfurt than in Helsinki and Amsterdam. Larger differences across the cities were found for PM2.5(range 11-17 microg m(-3)). PM2.5 and ultrafine particle concentrations were weakly (Amsterdam, Helsinki) to moderately (Erfurt) correlated. The inconsistent correlation for PM2.5 and ultrafine particle concentrations between the three cities was partly explained by the larger impact of more local sources from the city on ultrafine particle concentrations than on PM2.5, suggesting that the upwind or downwind location of the measuring site in regard to potential particle sources has to be considered. Also, relationship with wind direction and meteorological data differed, suggesting that particle number and particle mass are two separate indicators of airborne particulate matter. Both decreased with increasing wind speed, but ultrafine particle number counts consistently decreased with increasing relative humidity, whereas PM2.5 increased with increasing barometric pressure. Within the ultrafine particle mode, nucleation mode (10-30 nm) and Aitken mode (30-100 nm) had distinctly different relationships with accumulation mode particles and weather conditions. Since the composition of these particle fractions also differs, it is of interest to test in future epidemiological studies whether they have different health effects. 相似文献
129.
In the context of increasing freshwater pollution, the impact on life-traits (survival, growth and fecundity) and locomotion of Potamopyrgus antipodarum of a 5-week field-concentration exposure to the cyanobacterial toxin microcystin-LR and the triazine herbicide, atrazine was studied. Whatever the age of exposed snails (juveniles, subadults, adults), microcystin-LR induced a decrease in survival, growth and fecundity but had no effect on locomotion. Atrazine induced a decrease in locomotory activity but had no significant effect on the life-traits. These results are discussed in terms of consequences to field populations. 相似文献
130.
Jean-Claude Belles-Isles Dane Cloutier Gerard J. FitzGerald 《Behavioral ecology and sociobiology》1990,26(5):363-368
Summary Female threespine sticklebacks (Gasterosteus aculeatus) frequently raid male nests and eat all the eggs therein. We tested the hypothesis of Vickery et al. (1988) that females prefer to raid nests containing large numbers of eggs than ones with smaller numbers of eggs. This hypothesis is based on the finding that females spawning in nests containing many eggs will have reduced hatching success because of egg crowding. By consuming the male's eggs and forcing him to rebuild his nest, raiding females might obtain a new opportunity to spawn under better conditions. Our results were consistent with the first prediction of this hypothesis that females were more likely to spawn in nests containing fewer eggs than in nests with many eggs. However, this may be the result of males becoming less receptive to females as the number of eggs in their nests increases. Prediction 2 was that females should raid those nests containing the most eggs. Contrary to this prediction, males defending only one clutch were as likely to have their nests raided by groups of females as males defending several clutches of eggs. Female cannibalism is therefore unlikely to have evolved as a means of gaining access to a male defending a small number of eggs. We also examined the tactics used by males to counter female raids. Most raids occur when the male is courting, and nests are more vulnerable to shoals of females than to single females. Therefore, we hypothesized that males with eggs preferentially court a single female rather than large groups of females, and that males without eggs court both groups indiscriminately. We also predicted that males restrict the number of females they mate with when risk of having their nest raided is high. Our results indicate that: (1) both males with eggs and those without eggs minimize the risk of female cannibalism by courting solitary females rather than groups of females and (2) males limit the number of females that lay eggs in their nest when several potentially raiding females are present.
Offprint requests to: G.J. FitzGerald 相似文献