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271.
K. H. Jones J. F. Thomas D. L. Brink 《Journal of the Air & Waste Management Association (1995)》2013,63(7):501-504
The major source of malodorous emissions which emanate from kraft mills is the recovery furnace and its associated direct contact evaporator. The primary reasons for this problem are gross furnace overloading and/or inadequate design. Existing recovery furnaces are incapable of carrying out, to an acceptable degree of completion, the complex sequence of physical and chemical steps which describe combustion. These steps are evaporation, sublimination, pyrolysis, recombination, and oxidation. A simplified odor model is presented which establishes the constraints which must be placed on the combustion phase of the recovery operation if environmental concentrations of malodorous compounds are to be held below their respective threshold odor levels. The pyrolysis and recombination steps of combustion have been isolated for study because they encompass the reaction mechanisms responsible for malodorous compound production. The findings of the steady state pyrolysis study indicate that the optimization of pyrolysis appears to be a very desirable process technique for abating alodorous emissions from kraft mills. The comprehensive data obtained in the study has engendered the current design and construction efforts toward a pilot plant operation. 相似文献
272.
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274.
We conducted a retrospective, cross‐sectional study of flooding, mold exposure, remediation, and respiratory symptom prevalence on a random sample of respondents from Bound Brook, New Jersey, a community that received extensive flood damage from Hurricane Floyd in September 1999. Over 3,000 homes were impacted, some with water damage to the second floor. Many required condemnation. In 2001 to 2002 we conducted a randomized telephone survey of 29 families still living in flood‐damaged and repaired homes and 18 families who had not experienced flood damage from Floyd. Flood status was the last question on the interview, leaving the interviewer effectively blinded as to status. Flood damage was a strong predictor of mold growth (p < 0.001), and there was a strong association between flooding and physician‐confirmed respiratory symptoms in the aftermath of the flood (28 of 29 cases vs. 10 of 18 referents; p < 0.001). There was also an association between flood status and continued symptom prevalence in the month prior to the interviews (22 of 29 cases vs. 6 of 18 referents; p < 0.01). Most flooded homes required removal and replacement of various building materials, which was usually delayed for days or weeks pending re‐occupancy. Many occupants participated in the renovation without adequate personal protection. Persons assisting with cleanup work were more likely to report five or more symptoms (p < 0.002). Smokers with mold damage reported five or more symptoms in the 30 days before the interviews, more frequently than nonsmokers with mold damage. These results are consistent with previous reports of flooding, mold, and illness, but demonstrate that self‐remediation of mold (particularly with lack of training and personal protective equipment) and smoking are significant risk factors for mold‐related symptoms. Exposure during cleanup of moldy materials was a significant contributor to symptoms, and recommendations should include more reliance on professionals and enhanced personal protective equipment. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. 相似文献
275.
R. A. van Dam C. L. Humphrey A. J. Harford A. Sinclair D. R. Jones S. Davies A. W. Storey 《Environmental science and pollution research international》2014,21(1):118-130
Generic water quality guidelines (WQGs) are developed by countries/regions as broad scale tools to assist with the protection of aquatic ecosystems from the impacts of toxicants. However, since generic WQGs cannot adequately account for the many environmental factors that may affect toxicity at a particular site, site-specific WQGs are often needed, especially for high environmental value ecosystems. The Australian and New Zealand Guidelines for Fresh and Marine Water Quality provide comprehensive guidance on methods for refining or deriving WQGs for site-specific purposes. This paper describes three such methods for deriving site-specific WQGs, namely: (1) using local reference water quality data, (2) using biological effects data from laboratory-based toxicity testing, and (3) using biological effects data from field surveys. Two case studies related to the assessment of impacts arising from mining operations in northern Australia are used to illustrate the application of these methods. Finally, the potential of several emerging methods designed to assess thresholds of ecological change from field data for deriving site-specific WQGs is discussed. Ideally, multiple lines of evidence approaches, integrating both laboratory and field data, are recommended for deriving site-specific WQGs. 相似文献
276.
Idris SM Jones PL Salzman SA Croatto G Allinson G 《Environmental science and pollution research international》2012,19(4):1159-1170
Introduction
Two emergent macrophytes, Arundo donax and Phragmites australis, were established in experimental subsurface flow, gravel-based constructed wetlands (CWs) receiving untreated recirculating aquaculture system wastewater.Materials and methods
The hydraulic loading rate was 3.75 cm day?1. Many of the monitored water quality parameters (biological oxygen demand [BOD], total suspended solids [TSS], total phosphorus [TP], total nitrogen [TN], total ammoniacal nitrogen [TAN], nitrate nitrogen [NO3], and Escherichia coli) were removed efficiently by the CWs, to the extent that the CW effluent was suitable for use on human food crops grown for raw produce consumption under Victorian state regulations and also suitable for reuse within aquaculture systems.Results and discussion
The BOD, TSS, TP, TN, TAN, and E. coli removal in the A. donax and P. australis beds was 94%, 67%, 96%, 97%, 99.6%, and effectively 100% and 95%, 87%, 95%, 98%, 99.7%, and effectively 100%, respectively, with no significant difference (p?>?0.007) in performance between the A. donax and P. australis CWs. In this study, as expected, the aboveground yield of A. donax top growth (stems + leaves) (15.0?±?3.4 kg wet weight) was considerably more than the P. australis beds (7.4?±?2.8 kg wet weight). The standing crop produced in this short (14-week) trial equates to an estimated 125 and 77 t ?ha?1 year?1 biomass (dry weight) for A. donax and P. australis, respectively (assuming that plant growth is similar across a 250-day (September–April) growing season and a single-cut, annual harvest).Conclusion
The similarity of the performance of the A. donax- and P. australis-planted beds indicates that either may be used in horizontal subsurface flow wetlands treating aquaculture wastewater, although the planting of A. donax provides additional opportunities for secondary income streams through utilization of the energy-rich biomass produced.277.
Jones BE Haynes RJ Phillips IR 《Environmental science and pollution research international》2012,19(3):835-846
Purpose
To examine (1) the effect of organic (poultry manure) and inorganic (residue mud and phosphogypsum) amendments on nutrient leaching losses from residue sand and (2) whether amendments improve the growth of plants in residue sand. 相似文献278.
Amber Spackman Jones Jeffery S. Horsburgh Nancy O. Mesner Ronald J. Ryel David K. Stevens 《Journal of the American Water Resources Association》2012,48(6):1258-1275
Abstract: The determination of sediment and nutrient loads is typically based on the collection and analysis of grab samples. The frequency and regularity of traditional sampling may not provide representation of constituent loading, particularly in systems with flashy hydrology. At two sites in the Little Bear River, Utah, continuous, high‐frequency turbidity was used with surrogate relationships to generate estimates of total phosphorus and total suspended solids concentrations, which were paired with discharge to estimate annual loads. The high frequency records were randomly subsampled to represent hourly, daily, weekly, and monthly sampling frequencies and to examine the effects of timing, and resulting annual load estimates were compared to the reference loads. Higher frequency sampling resulted in load estimates that better approximated the reference loads. The degree of bias was greater at the more hydrologically responsive site in the upper watershed, which required a higher sampling frequency than the lower watershed site to achieve the same level of accuracy in estimating the reference load. The hour of day and day of week of sampling impacted load estimation, depending on site and hydrologic conditions. The effects of sampling frequency on the determination of compliance with a water quality criterion were also examined. These techniques can be helpful in determining necessary sampling frequency to meet the objectives of a water quality monitoring program. 相似文献
279.
Naile JE Khim JS Wang T Wan Y Luo W Hu W Jiao W Park J Ryu J Hong S Jones PD Lu Y Giesy JP 《Environmental pollution (Barking, Essex : 1987)》2011,159(4):907-917
Polychlorinated-dibenzo-p-dioxins and -dibenzofurans (PCDD/Fs) were measured in soils and sediments from the Yellow Sea region. Korean soils and sediments mostly contained detectable PCDD/Fs and showed a widespread distribution among locations. Soil and sedimentary PCDD/Fs from China were comparable to or less than those in Korea. The patterns of relative concentrations of individual congeners in soils were different between the two countries, but similar in sediments. Sources of PCDD/Fs in China and Korea were found to be independent of each other and their distributions reflected matrix-dependent accumulation. Spatial distribution indicated some point sources in Korea while Chinese sources were more widespread and diffuse. PCDD/Fs measured in the coastal areas of the Yellow Sea were comparable to or less than those previously reported in for eastern Asia. However, ∑TEQs in soils and sediments were near to or, in some cases exceeded environmental quality guidelines. 相似文献
280.
Influence of organic waste and residue mud additions on chemical,physical and microbial properties of bauxite residue sand 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Benjamin E. H. Jones Richard J. Haynes Ian R. Phillips 《Environmental science and pollution research international》2011,18(2):199-211