现实中缺位的第三方:可持续发展研究的核心问题

现代市场经济促成了“两个人世界”的形成，被忽略的第三方是导致资源环境问题与不公平的主要原因。在利益化取向的人类行为中，必须提高主体的道德习惯和信仰，才能在利益的相互角逐中兼顾第三方的利益，即生态环境和“不在场”的下一代人的利益。     

Tissue free water tritium and organically bound tritium in the rice plant acutely exposed to atmospheric HTO vapor under semi-outdoor conditions.

Potted rice plants were exposed to atmospheric HTO in a box outdoors for 1 h at 9 different times from booting to yellow-ripe stages. It is indicated that the leaf TFWT concentration may reach equilibrium within 1 h in clear weather. The plant TFWT concentration decreased at a rapid rate for the first several hours and at a much slower rate thereafter. The decrease till harvest was by factors of 600-95,000 depending on the plant parts and exposure times. The time course of the ear OBT concentration was characterized by the exposure time. After exposure at the booting to heading stages, the leaf OBT concentration decreased rapidly for the first several hours and then very slowly. The plant OBT concentration was initially about 2 orders of magnitude lower, but at harvest an order of magnitude higher, than the TFWT concentration. The OBT concentration in hulled seeds at harvest varied with exposure times by a factor of 70, being highest in the exposure performed at the earlier stage of rapid grain growth. Also in this exposure, the plant total OBT was greatest due to the seed OBT.     

三峡水库洪水资源化多目标决策评价模型

进入21世纪,随着我国经济的飞速发展,人与水的关系越来越紧张。水资源短缺、水质恶化和水环境污染等问题日益严重,人们也在不断探索解决这些问题的办法。在总结经验教训的基础上,人们提出了"洪水管理"的新策略。洪水资源化是洪水管理的一项重要内容,也是解决水资源短缺危机的一个重要途径。汛限水位是综合利用水库运行和调度的重要参数之一,它影响着防洪效益和防洪风险。以三峡水库洪水资源化问题为背景,对三峡水库的多种汛限水位组合方案,建立了多目标决策运行的指标体系。以层次分析法为基础对各指标权重进行计算,得到了各指标相对于总目标的组合权重,并通过均衡规划求解得到了洪水资源化多目标决策运行方案的最佳均衡解。     

建设项目竣工环境保护验收监测工作中存在的问题及对策

从管理和监测角度,分析总结了建设项目竣工环境保护验收监测工作中存在的问题,并有针对性的提出了解决问题的对策。     

南京霾天气及PM_(2.5)化学污染特征分析

为了研究大气细粒子PM2.5在霾天气下的化学污染特性,2012年4月1日-27日在南京信息工程大学1号新实验楼楼顶,在霾天对大气细粒子PM2.5进行了采样,利用离子色谱法、TOC法等测得PM2.5的质量浓度、水溶性离子及水溶性有机碳组分浓度。结果表明:霾越重PM2.5质量浓度越高,霾天的PM2.5与地面温度、风速呈一定的负相关,与相对湿度呈正相关。SO42-、NO3-、NH4+、Ca2+、Na+、Cl-以及水溶性总有机碳是PM2.5的主要组成部分,其质量浓度随霾的加重而增加,其中NH4+、SO42-、NO3-及TOC质量浓度的增加幅度更明显,表明气态污染物的二次转化对采样点灰霾污染也有突出贡献。     

Characterizations of organic compounds in diesel exhaust particulates

To characterize how the speed and load of a medium-duty diesel engine affected the organic compounds in diesel particle matter (PM) below 1 μm, four driving conditions were examined. At all four driving conditions, concentration of identifiable organic compounds in PM ultrafine (34–94 nm) and accumulation (94–1000 nm) modes ranged from 2.9 to 5.7 μg/m³ and 9.5 to 16.4 μg/m³, respectively. As a function of driving conditions, the non-oxygen-containing organics exhibited a reversed concentration trend to the oxygen-containing organics. The identified organic compounds were classified into eleven classes: alkanes, alkenes, alkynes, aromatic hydrocarbons, carboxylic acids, esters, ketones, alcohols, ethers, nitrogen-containing compounds, and sulfur-containing compounds. At all driving conditions, alkane class consistently showed the highest concentration (8.3 to 18.0 μg/m³) followed by carboxylic acid, esters, ketones and alcohols. Twelve polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) were identified with a total concentration ranging from 37.9 to 174.8 ng/m³. In addition, nine nitrogen-containing polycyclic aromatic compounds (NPACs) were identified with a total concentration ranging from 7.0 to 10.3 ng/m³. The most abundant PAH (phenanthrene) and NPACs (7,8-benzoquinoline and 3-nitrophenanthrene) comprise a similar molecular (3 aromatic-ring) structure under the highest engine speed and engine load.     

中小型工业锅炉系统节能改造难度分析及对策

从锅炉结构改造、燃烧系统改造及运行管理完善和配套系统优化三个方面简要概述了现有的工业锅炉改造技术;分析了中小型工业锅炉系统节能改造的难度,提出了实现中小型工业锅炉系统节能改造的对策及改造过程中应注意的事项,对中小型工业锅炉节能改造具有一定的指导意义。     

The System Dynamics of Nuclear Energy in Singapore

In this article, a system dynamics model is developed to study the complex issues involving nuclear energy in Singapore by assessing four essential aspects, namely (1) Economic, (2) Environment, (3) Social, and (4) Political in various scenarios. The first factor juxtaposes the monetary benefit from deploying nuclear energy with the current situation. The second deals with carbon dioxide emission, nuclear waste, and thermal pollution from nuclear power plant. The third part discusses the safety and social acceptance toward nuclear project, and the last section analyzes the political stability in provision of nuclear energy advent. The proposed system dynamic model incorporates all four components that allow us to run sensitivity analysis based on various scenarios and enables us to gain insight in how each domain evolves with time. Based on the model, we present advantages and disadvantages of possessing nuclear power plants in Singapore and suggest remedies to rectify the drawbacks.     

Racial mixing in South African honeybees: the effects of genotype mixing on reproductive traits of workers

To test the hypothesis that the honeybee hybrid zone in South Africa is a tension zone due to increased reproductive conflict in colonies that contain both Apis mellifera capensis and Apis mellifera scutellata worker genotypes, we constructed mixed subspecies and hybrid colonies via a combination of artificial and natural matings. We measured emergence weight, ovary activation, and the presence/absence of a spermatheca on workers of different genotypes. We show that the measured characteristics were all affected by genotype with some traits also affected by the social environment in which the worker was reared. Workers with both an A. m. capensis mother and father had the highest emergence weight. When workers had an A. m. capensis mother, paternity affected emergence weight with A. m. capensis fathers producing heavier workers. When the queen was A. m. scutellata, paternity had less effect on weight. Presence of spermatheca was highest in mixed colonies irrespective of maternity and colonies containing pure A. m. capensis workers only. Paternity had a significant effect on the presence of a spermatheca within mixed colonies, with workers that had an A. m. capensis father being more likely to possess a spermatheca. Rates of ovary activation were highest in colonies with an A. m. scutellata queen mated to drones of both genotypes, suggesting that mixed subspecies colonies likely suffer increased reproductive strife among workers. Our results provide support for the hypothesis that the South African honeybee hybrid zone is a tension zone arising from reduced fitness of genetically mixed colonies.     

Reuse of washing effluent containing oxalic acid by a combined precipitation–acidification process

This study aims at evaluating the reuse feasibility of effluent produced by the soil washing of mine tailings with oxalic acid. Alkaline chemicals such as NaOH, Ca(OH)₂, and Na₂CO₃ are used for the precipitation of arsenic and heavy metals in the effluent containing oxalic acid. All of the target contaminants are removed with very high efficiency (up to 100%) at high pH. The precipitation using NaOH at pH 9 is determined to be the most cost-effective method for the removal of arsenic as well as heavy metals in the effluent. The effluent decontaminated by NaOH is consecutively reused for the soil washing of raw mine tailings, resulting in considerable efficiency. Furthermore, even more arsenic and heavy metals are extracted from raw mine tailings by acidifying the decontaminated effluent under the alkaline condition, compared with direct reuse of the decontaminated effluent. Here, the oxalic acid, which is a weak complex-forming ligand as well as a weak acid, has noticeable effects on both soil washing and effluent treatment by precipitation. It extracts efficiently the contaminants from the mine tailings without adverse change of soil and also makes possible the precipitation of the contaminants in the effluent unlike strong chelating reagent. Reuse of the washing effluent containing oxalic acid would make the existing soil washing process more environment-friendly and cost-effective.