考虑颜色特征最优组合的CART决策树火灾图像识别方法*

针对火灾图像识别过程中颜色特征数量多、特征间相关性复杂、难以在多维特征融合过程中有效融合图像颜色特征等问题,提出1种考虑颜色特征最优组合的CART决策树火灾图像识别方法。首先,在Lab、RGB、HSV 3种色彩模式下基于图像颜色特征提取火灾图像特征序列;其次,分别在3种色彩模式下基于精细决策树与特征随机排列组合方法提取颜色特征中最优组合特征;最后,将提取的火灾图像最优组合特征序列作为CART决策树输入进行模型训练,并通过测试样本以及其他机器学习方法进行模型泛化能力的分析。研究结果表明:本文方法寻找出识别火灾图像的最优颜色特征组合为“Kb1+Var1+Kg+Kb2+Var2+Kh+Ks+Kv”;CART决策树方法对于火灾图像识别的测试准确度可达84.5%,其分类效果明显优于其他决策树类与集成树类方法;9折为最佳交叉验证折数,其测试准确度可达86.47%,与5折交叉验证相比明显提升14.77%。研究结果可为火灾图像识别提供方法基础。     

合成雪硅钙石净化含Hg~(2+)废水的实验

考察了雪硅钙石对水中的重金属Hg2+离子的吸附性能,通过单因素实验及正交实验,研究了试水的pH值、初始浓度、吸附时间、吸附温度等因素对雪硅钙石吸附Hg2+反应的影响,确定了优化吸附条件.测定了雪硅钙石对Hg2+的吸附等温线,并用Langmuir吸附等温式进行了拟合,计算了吸附热力学参数,并对其吸附动力学过程进行了分析计算.     

纳米二氧化钛和单壁碳纳米管对普通小球藻生长的抑制效应(Effects of Nano-TiO2 and Single-Walled Carbon Nanotubes on the Growth of Chlorella vulgaris)

纳米材料独特的理化性质使其得到了广泛的应用,但其可能带来的生物安全性问题引起了社会各界的广泛关注.采用污染物藻类毒性测试的标准实验方法,研究了纳米二氧化钛(nano-TiO2)和单壁碳纳米管(SWCNTs)对普通小球藻(Chlorella vulgaris)生长的抑制效应.结果表明,在0.01～500mg·L-1浓度范围内,nano-TiO2对普通小球藻的生长没有明显的抑制现象,而SWCNTs却对普通小球藻的生长存在明显的抑制效应,其96h半效应浓度(96h-EC50)为261.5mg·L-1.光学和电子显微镜观察发现,与nano-TiO2相比,SWCNTs能够发生凝聚并吸附大量的普通小球藻细胞,因此严重抑制了普通小球藻的正常生长.     

基于土地利用变化的小江流域非点源污染特征

选取三峡库区典型支流——小江流域为研究对象,以GIS软件为分析工具,在L-THIA模型的基础上,分析小江流域非点源污染物负荷量随土地利用方式改变而产生的时空变化特征. 结果表明:2007年小江流域非点源污染物TN和TP总负荷量分别为5 563.11和1 550.65 t,其中旱地的污染物负荷量最大,TN和TP负荷量分别达到4 633.43和1 368.96 t,占总负荷量的83.29%和88.29%;从空间分布上看,非点源污染主要集中在旱地较多的东河流域和南河流域;而从时间分布上看,随着旱地面积的大幅增加,1995—2007年小江流域污染物负荷量明显增加.      

An agenda for research and action toward diverse and just futures for life on Earth

Decades of research and policy interventions on biodiversity have insufficiently addressed the dual issues of biodiversity degradation and social justice. New approaches are therefore needed. We devised a research and action agenda that calls for a collective task of revisiting biodiversity toward the goal of sustaining diverse and just futures for life on Earth. Revisiting biodiversity involves critically reflecting on past and present research, policy, and practice concerning biodiversity to inspire creative thinking about the future. The agenda was developed through a 2-year dialogue process that involved close to 300 experts from diverse disciplines and locations. This process was informed by social science insights that show biodiversity research and action is underpinned by choices about how problems are conceptualized. Recognizing knowledge, action, and ethics as inseparable, we synthesized a set of principles that help navigate the task of revisiting biodiversity. The agenda articulates 4 thematic areas for future research. First, researchers need to revisit biodiversity narratives by challenging conceptualizations that exclude diversity and entrench the separation of humans, cultures, economies, and societies from nature. Second, researchers should focus on the relationships between the Anthropocene, biodiversity, and culture by considering humanity and biodiversity as tied together in specific contexts. Third, researchers should focus on nature and economies by better accounting for the interacting structures of economic and financial systems as core drivers of biodiversity loss. Finally, researchers should enable transformative biodiversity research and action by reconfiguring relationships between human and nonhuman communities in and through science, policy, and practice. Revisiting biodiversity necessitates a renewed focus on dialogue among biodiversity communities and beyond that critically reflects on the past to channel research and action toward fostering just and diverse futures for human and nonhuman life on Earth.     

Decomposition analysis of energy-related carbon dioxide emissions in the iron and steel industry in China

This work aims to identify the main factors influencing the energy-related carbon dioxide (CO₂) emissions from the iron and steel industry in China during the period of 1995–2007. The logarithmic mean divisia index (LMDI) technique was applied with period-wise analysis and time-series analysis. Changes in energyrelated CO₂ emissions were decomposed into four factors: emission factor effect, energy structure effect, energy consumption effect, and the steel production effect. The results show that steel production is the major factor responsible for the rise in CO₂ emissions during the sampling period; on the other hand the energy consumption is the largest contributor to the decrease in CO₂ emissions. To a lesser extent, the emission factor and energy structure effects have both negative and positive contributions to CO₂ emissions, respectively. Policy implications are provided regarding the reduction of CO₂ emissions from the iron and steel industry in China, such as controlling the overgrowth of steel production, improving energy-saving technologies, and introducing low-carbon energy sources into the iron and steel industry.     

农户有限理性土地利用行为决策影响因素——以陕西省米脂县高西沟村为例

利用有限理性理论与方法进行行为决策研究已成为多样化决策研究中的热点。研究微观尺度土地利用变化中农户有限理性行为决策的影响因素,对于揭示农户土地利用驱动因子、调整农户决策行为与优化农业景观格局具有重要的理论与现实意义。论文以陕西省米脂县高西沟村为例,通过构建农户效应收益模型,利用2009—2011年农户调查数据揭示理性最优决策与农户实际决策之间的差异性;利用体现农户行为满意度的Probit模型分析有限理性决策的影响因素。结论为:①高西沟村农户理性最优决策与实际决策差异性较大,说明农户在实践中采用有限理性进行土地利用生产;②构建Probit模型模拟农户满意度决策行为态度,选取的4类变量较好地解释了农户决策的影响因子。其中,农业收入回归系数为0.78、反映相对经济地位下降变量0.41、退耕面积-0.42、耕地面积-0.62、打工收入-0.34、性别0.48、劳动力0.31,均处于显著相关水平。各变量估计结果与理论预测和实际调查结果相符合,具有较强的解释力。     

洱海沉积物中溶解性有机氮季节性变化

选取洱海10个表层沉积物样品,研究不同季节DON（溶解性有机氮）和易分解组分DFAA（游离氨基酸）的含量变化. 结果表明:①洱海沉积物中w(DON)在10.41~59.58 mg/kg之间,平均值为27.43 mg/kg,约占w(TDN)(溶解性总氮质量分数)的40%,w(TN)的6%,其季节性变化呈春季>冬季>夏季>秋季的趋势,各季节洱海不同湖区均呈南部>北部>中部的特点;②洱海沉积物中w(DFAA)在4.11~9.89 mg/kg之间,平均值为5.96 mg/kg,约占w(DON)的22%,占w(TDN)的9%,季节性变化呈秋季相对较高、冬春次之、夏季相对较少的趋势,区域性变化呈南北高、中间低的特点,污染较严重的区域沉积物中w(DFAA)较高;③作为沉积物活性氮重要成分,w(DON)和w(DFAA)的季节性变化明显,对湖泊氮代谢有重要影响,在水生植物旺盛区域尤为明显. 在洱海富营养化治理中,除了TN,更应关注DON在湖泊氮循环及其富营养化中的作用.      

青稞穗发芽抗性测定方法的评价

穗发芽是导致粮食作物品质和产量降低的主要因素,选育强穗发芽抗性的材料已经成为育种工作的迫切任务之一.我同青稞资源丰富,但其收获季节恰逢雨季来临,穗发芽现象较为严重.青稞穗发芽研究起步晚,也尚未建立合理的评价指标和体系,从而影响抗穗发芽青稞的筛选和选育.本试验以来自于我国青藏高原地区的34份青稞为材料,分别在马尔康和成都进行种植,并对其穗发芽指数(SI)、穗发芽率(SR)、籽粒发芽指数(GI)和α-淀粉酶活性(AA)进行测定和分析,以期寻找一种简便、有效和稳定的穗发芽评价方法.结果发现,4个供试参数均受基因型×栽培地点的极显著影响,且具有一定相关性.GI由于其变异系数较低,在不同栽培地点稳定性好,且操作简便,是较可靠和理想的穗发芽评价参数.SI作为辅助参数,区别籽粒休眠性相似的材料(基因型)或全面评价材料(基因犁)的穗发芽抗性特征.AA稳定性较差,并且检测方法复杂,因此不建议在育种及大量材料筛选和评价时使用.此外,青稞穗发芽抗性受环境影响较大,评价时应考虑到尽可能多的抗性影响因素及其在不同栽培条件下的变异.图1表4参24     

火烧和植造桉林对南亚热带退化草坡土壤种子库的影响

对南亚热带典型火烧草坡迹地和人工造桉林后的退化草坡土壤种子库进行了取样调查,采用种子萌发试验研究了这些不同处理的土壤种子库特征,结果表明:(1)火烧处理对土壤种子库有显著影响,具体表现为种子库储量减小、物种种类减少、优势种组成单一、物种多样性指数和地上植被相似性系数低、土壤种子库物种组成与地上植被物种组成差异显著;(2)种植桉树对土壤种子库储量、物种生活型分布、土壤种子库物种组成与地上植被物种组成差异均没有影响,但能增加草本物种种类;(3)火烧并种植桉树对土壤种子库的影响与火烧处理结果一致,能使土壤种子库中优势物种种子密度增加,但不能增加草本种类在种子库中的密度.该研究表明采用火烧处理有利于南亚热带退化草坡植被恢复;采用种桉树的方法短期内植被恢复的效果不明显;退化草坡的植被恢复需要适度的人为干预与调控.