Cr（Ⅵ）对活性污泥系统反硝化过程的影响

采用反硝化反应器,研究了Cr（Ⅵ）对活性污泥系统反硝化过程的影响。在进水Cr（Ⅵ）投加量2.5 mg/L条件下,活性污泥反硝化过程中COD和硝酸盐氮的去除率受到的影响较小,而在10.0 mg/L条件下受到的影响较大,COD和硝酸盐氮的去除率分别从最初的97.1%和99.0%降至70.6%和24.7%。在停止投加Cr（Ⅵ）后的恢复期内,反硝化系统可以逐渐恢复对COD和硝酸盐氮的去除,亚硝酸盐氮仍会有积累,但随着时间的延长可恢复至初始状态。硝酸盐氮还原为亚硝酸盐氮的过程比亚硝酸盐氮的还原过程更易受到Cr（Ⅵ）的影响。     

Effect of technology development on potential environmental impacts from heavy metals in waste smartphones

Technology development has brought beneficial changes in the functions of smartphones but has the potential to impact the environment due to the high generation of waste smartphones. Thus, this study evaluates and compares environmental impact potentials from metals in waste smartphones to figure out the effect of smartphone model replacements on hazardous waste, resource depletion, and toxicity potentials. The total threshold limit concentration (TTLC) analysis is used to determine whether the waste smartphones would be classified as hazardous waste, and the life-cycle impact assessment methods are used to evaluate resource depletion, cancer, non-cancer, and ecotoxicity potentials. The TTLC results showed that the smartphone technology development did not reduce hazardous waste potentials. The life-cycle impact assessment results showed that the technology development overall reduced resource depletion potential but increased toxicity potential. In addition, priority metals contributing to the potentials were identified to effectively manage their environmental impacts. This study can provide fundamental information for smartphone manufacturers, waste smartphone recyclers and disposers, and e-waste policymakers to circulate resources and to prevent environmental pollutions from hazardous and toxic materials.     

典型重金属污染农田能源植物示范种植研究

为探索安全经济利用重金属中度-重度污染农田的模式,在浙江某典型重金属复合污染农田开展了能源植物(甜高粱Sweet sorghum、甘蔗Saccharum sinensisRoxb.、香根草Vetiveria和盐肤木Rhus chinensis)种植示范研究.结果表明,经施加0.1%的石灰和0.2%的磷矿粉改良后,土壤p...     

涪江上游泥石流灾损土地特征及典型流域淤积危险性研究

涪江上游以高山峡谷为主,人地矛盾突出,泥石流灾损土地是山区居民选择的主要生产生活场所。通过野外调查,初步查明目前涪江上游泥石流灾损土地以淤高的发展趋势为主,灾损土地扇形完整性程度达58%,以中等易发为主;大部分灾损土地距离主河距离为100~350 m,距离适中,水热条件良好。基于不同降雨频率条件下泥石流主沟内泥深、流量差异性,建立泥石流灾损土地的淤积危险范围确定方法;快速得到南坝窖子沟20 a一遇、50 a一遇、100 a一遇3种降雨频率条件下泥石流淤积危险范围,分别为0.167 km~2、0.292 km~2、0.420 km~2。为下一步建立基于土地潜力和灾害风险两个指标的灾损土地资源化潜力评估方法,探索泥石流灾损土地资源化利用模式,提供基础条件,并为山区居民进行土地利用提供快速指导。     

中国“十四五”绿色消费衡量指标体系构建与战略展望

“十四五”期间,消费领域的绿色转型对推动经济社会整体绿色转型意义重大。本文通过借鉴国内外绿色消费衡量指标的理论研究与实践经验,探索构建了反映消费产品、消费行为、消费结果绿色,同时又涵盖衣、食、住、用、行等当前消费重点领域的绿色消费衡量指标体系。在此基础上,对绿色消费的现实状况以及变化趋势进行了分析,提出了“十四五”中国推动绿色消费的战略展望,为“十四五”时期中国推进绿色消费工作提供宏观决策参考。     

氯系阻燃剂四氯双酚A的毒性及降解技术研究进展

作为目前广泛使用的氯系阻燃剂,四氯双酚A(TCBPA)在运输、使用和处理的过程中会不可避免地释放到环境中,并通过各种途径进入人体,产生危害。简介了TCBPA的基本性质和制备,阐述了其环境分布及毒性,并总结了其降解技术的研究进展,最后对该领域未来的研究方向进行了展望。指出:应当进一步研究TCBPA微生物降解的机理和分子基础,并引入光催化、高级氧化等其他降解技术;同时,开发新型环境友好的阻燃剂不失为一种根源上的解决方式。     

International trade causes large net economic losses in tropical countries via the destruction of ecosystem services

Despite the large implications of the use of tropical land for exports (“land absorption”) on ecosystem services (ES) and global biodiversity conservation, the magnitude of these externalities is not known. We quantify the net value of ES lost in tropical countries as a result of cropland, forestland and pastureland absorption for exports after deducting ES gains through imports (“land displacement”). We find that net ES gains occur only in 7 out of the 41 countries and regions considered. We estimate global annual net losses of over 1.7 x 10¹² international dollars (I$) (I$1.1 x 10¹² if carbon-related services are not considered). After deducting the benefits from agricultural, forest and livestock rents in land replacing tropical forests, the net annual losses are I$1.3 and I$0.7 x 10¹², respectively. The results highlight the large magnitude of tropical ES losses through international trade that are not compensated by the rents of land uses in absorbed land.

Electronic supplementary material

The online version of this article (doi:10.1007/s13280-016-0768-7) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.     

Growth Control of Cyanobacteria by Three Submerged Macrophytes

To illustrate the control of harmful cyanobacterial growth and the removal of nutritients from fresh water, three submerged macrophytes were grown in the raw water of Guishui Lake. Lindernia rotundifolia, Hygrophila stricta, and Cryptocoryne crispatula were grown together in situ to assess their effectiveness in nutrient removal in microcosms. Results revealed the inhibitory effects of these species on cyanobacterial growth. In addition, water quality in the planted microcosms showed improvement when compared to the water quality of the unplanted microcosm. At all treatments studied, the chemical oxygen demand in the planted microcosms was lower than that in the unplanted microcosms, and the removal rate of all the nitrogen and phosphate in the planted microcosms was better than that of the microcosm without plants. Our study offers a useful algal control method for the lakes or reservoirs that suffer from harmful cyanobacterial blooms.     

Biomineralization-based conversion of carbon dioxide to calcium carbonate using recombinant carbonic anhydrase

Recently, as a mimic of the natural biomineralization process, the use of carbonic anhydrase (CA), which is an enzyme catalyzing fast reversible hydration of carbon dioxide to bicarbonate, has been suggested for biological conversion of CO₂ to valuable chemicals. While purified bovine CA (BCA) has been used in previous studies, its practical utilization in CO₂ conversion has been limited due to the expense of BCA preparation. In the present work, we investigated conversion of CO₂ into calcium carbonate as a target carbonate mineral by using a more economical, recombinant CA. To our knowledge, this is the first report of the usage of recombinant CA for biological CO₂ conversion. Recombinant α-type CA originating in Neisseria gonorrhoeae (NCA) was highly expressed as a soluble form in Escherichia coli. We found that purified recombinant NCA which showed comparable CO₂ hydration activity to commercial BCA significantly promoted formation of solid CaCO₃ through the acceleration of CO₂ hydration rate, which is naturally slow. In addition, the rate of calcite crystal formation was also accelerated using recombinant NCA. Moreover, non-purified crude recombinant NCA also showed relatively significant ability. Therefore, recombinant CA could be an effective, economical biocatalyst in practical CO₂ conversion system.