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121.
Nicholas J. Gingerysty Charles A. Odame-Ankrah Nick Jordan Hans D. Osthoff 《环境科学学报(英文版)》2021,33(9):184-193
The reference method to quantify mixing ratios of the criteria air pollutant nitrogen dioxide (NO2) is NO-O3 chemiluminescence (CL), in which mixing ratios of nitric oxide (NO) are measured by sampling ambient air directly, and mixing ratios of NOx (= sum of NO and NO2) are measured by converting NO2 to NO using, for example, heated molybdenum catalyst or, more selectively, photolytic conversion (P-CL). In this work, the nitrous acid (HONO) interference in the measurement of NO2 by P-CL was investigated. Results with two photolytic NO2 converters are presented. The first used radiation centered at 395 nm, a wavelength region commonly utilized in P-CL. The second used light at 415 nm, where the overlap with the HONO absorption spectrum and hence its photolysis rate are less. Mixing ratios of NO2, NOx and HONO entering and exiting the converters were quantified by Thermal Dissociation Cavity Ring-down Spectroscopy (TD-CRDS). Both converters exhibited high NO2 conversion efficiency (CFNO2; > 90%) and partial conversion of HONO. Plots of CF against flow rate were consistent with photolysis frequencies of 4.2 s-1 and 2.9 s-1 for NO2 and 0.25 s-1 and 0.10 s?1 for HONO at 395 nm and 415 nm, respectively. CFHONO was larger than predicted from the overlap of the emission and HONO absorption spectra. The results imply that measurements of NO2 by P-CL marginally but systematically overestimate true NO2 concentrations, and that this interference should be considered in environments with high HONO:NO2 ratios such as the marine boundary layer or in biomass burning plumes. 相似文献
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An agenda for assessing and improving conservation impacts of sustainability standards in tropical agriculture 下载免费PDF全文
Jeffrey C. Milder Margaret Arbuthnot Allen Blackman Sharon E. Brooks Daniele Giovannucci Lee Gross Elizabeth T. Kennedy Kristin Komives Eric F. Lambin Audrey Lee Daniel Meyer Peter Newton Ben Phalan Götz Schroth Bambi Semroc Henk Van Rikxoort Michal Zrust 《Conservation biology》2015,29(2):309-320
Sustainability standards and certification serve to differentiate and provide market recognition to goods produced in accordance with social and environmental good practices, typically including practices to protect biodiversity. Such standards have seen rapid growth, including in tropical agricultural commodities such as cocoa, coffee, palm oil, soybeans, and tea. Given the role of sustainability standards in influencing land use in hotspots of biodiversity, deforestation, and agricultural intensification, much could be gained from efforts to evaluate and increase the conservation payoff of these schemes. To this end, we devised a systematic approach for monitoring and evaluating the conservation impacts of agricultural sustainability standards and for using the resulting evidence to improve the effectiveness of such standards over time. The approach is oriented around a set of hypotheses and corresponding research questions about how sustainability standards are predicted to deliver conservation benefits. These questions are addressed through data from multiple sources, including basic common information from certification audits; field monitoring of environmental outcomes at a sample of certified sites; and rigorous impact assessment research based on experimental or quasi‐experimental methods. Integration of these sources can generate time‐series data that are comparable across sites and regions and provide detailed portraits of the effects of sustainability standards. To implement this approach, we propose new collaborations between the conservation research community and the sustainability standards community to develop common indicators and monitoring protocols, foster data sharing and synthesis, and link research and practice more effectively. As the role of sustainability standards in tropical land‐use governance continues to evolve, robust evidence on the factors contributing to effectiveness can help to ensure that such standards are designed and implemented to maximize benefits for biodiversity conservation. 相似文献
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Parental investment decision rules: a test in bluegill sunfish 总被引:5,自引:1,他引:4
Ronald M. Coleman Mart R. Gross Robert Craig Sargent 《Behavioral ecology and sociobiology》1985,18(1):59-66
Summary We review parental investment decision theory and provide an experimental test of the decision rule used by male bluegill sunfish (Lepomis macrochirus) in allocating parental investment to their young. The alternative decision rules tested are: (1) invest according to brood size (number) only; (2) invest according to past investment only; (3) invest according to both brood size and past investment; and (4) invest according to neither brood size nor past investment. By manipulating brood size independently of a male's cumulative investment in the brood, and by measuring each male's defensive behavior against a model predator, we found that male bluegill invest according to both brood size and past investment. This result is consistent with recent theory that past parental investment devalues adult future reproductive value, and that animals should therefore invest according to the value of their brood relative to that of their own expected future reproduction. 相似文献
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The consumption of bitter cassava by root boring, leaf chewing and leaf sucking insects was measured on a slash and burn agricultural site in the Amazon Territory of Venezuela. Chewing and boring insects consumed less than 3% of the tissue, possibly because of the presence of cyanogenic glucosides in the cassava plants. In contrast to the boring and chewing insects, leaf sucking insects were more effective herbivores. They may be able to consume the phloem sap without activating the hydrocyanic acid. However, even sucking insects consumed only about 14% of the phosphorus uptake of the plants. We conclude that insect herbivory did not play a major role in the decline of productivity on the slash and burn agricultural site. 相似文献
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