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21.
Alex Kacelnik Marco Vasconcelos Tiago Monteiro Justine Aw 《Behavioral ecology and sociobiology》2011,65(3):547-558
Charles Darwin aided his private decision making by an explicit deliberation, famously deciding whether or not to marry by
creating a list of points in a table with two columns: “Marry” and “Not Marry”. One hundred seventy-two years after Darwin’s
wedding, we reconsider whether this process of choice, under which individuals assign values to their options and compare
their relative merits at the time of choosing (the tug-of-war model), applies to our experimental animal, the European Starling,
Sturnus vulgaris. We contrast this with the sequential choice model that postulates that decision-makers make no comparison between options
at the time of choice. According to the latter, behaviour in simultaneous choices reflects adaptations to contexts with sequential
encounters, in which the choice is whether to take an opportunity or let it pass. We postulate that, in sequential encounters,
the decision-maker assigns (by learning) a subjective value to each option, reflecting its payoff relative to background opportunities.
This value is expressed as latency and/or probability to accept each opportunity as opposed to keep searching. In simultaneous
encounters, choice occurs through each option being processed independently, by a race between the mechanisms that generate
option-specific latencies. We describe these alternative models and review data supporting the predictions of the sequential
choice model. 相似文献
22.
23.
Francisco Leitão Miguel N. Santos Karim Erzini Carlos Costa Monteiro 《Marine Biology》2008,153(6):1233-1244
There is a concern that artificial reefs (AR) may act purely as fishing aggregation devices. Predators attracted to ARs can
influence the distribution and abundance of prey fish species. Determining the role of predators in AR is important in advancing
the understanding of community interactions. This paper documents the effects of predation on fish assemblages of AR located
near a coastal lagoon fish nursery. The Dicentrarchus labrax is a very opportunistic species preying on juveniles (0+ and 1+ age classes) of several demersal fish species on the ARs. Reef prey and sea bass abundance were negatively correlated. The
mean numbers of prey per sea bass stomach increased with the increase of reef fish prey abundance, suggesting that predation
has a significant influence, resulting in a decrease in prey abundance. Prey mortality (4–48%) of demersal reef fish associated
species depends on bass density. Prey selection was related both with prey abundance and vulnerability. Results showed that
D. labrax predation on AR-fish associated species can increase prey natural mortality. However, the role of bass predation on the ecological
functioning of exploited ARs is not clear. There may be increases in local fishing yields due either to an increase in predator
biomass through aggregation of sea bass attracted to ARs or to greater production. In contrast, predation on juveniles of
economically important reef fish preys, especially the most frequent and abundant (Boops boops), can contribute to a decrease in recruitment to the fishery. Our results indicate that inter-specific interactions (predator–prey)
are important in terms of conservation and management, as well as for the evaluation of the long-term effects of reef deployment.
Thus, it is necessary to consider ecological interactions, such as predation, prior to the development and deployment of artificial
habitats as a tool for rehabilitation. 相似文献
24.
Herbivory has a strong impact on algal distribution, abundance and community structure and may influence the establishment
and spread of introduced seaweed species. In this study, we assess the potential regulating role of herbivory on one of the
most invasive brown seaweeds: Sargassum muticum. Multiple choice feeding experiments were conducted with 13 native seaweeds, S. muticum and 5 herbivore species from the Northwest, Southwest and South of Portugal. S. muticum was always the least or among the least preferred seaweeds and attained one of the highest growth rates of the tested seaweeds,
with and without herbivores. The addition of herbivores increased the number of cases by 40% in which the invader had higher
growth rates. Our results suggest that low grazing pressure on S. muticum by the recipient herbivore community may give the invader a competitive advantage over at least part of the native seaweed
community, thereby contributing to the invasiveness of S. muticum along the Portuguese coast. 相似文献
25.
Lunag Marcelino N. Abana Alexander S. Agcaoili Juco P. Arellano Jillien Kaith T. Caluza Coleen Angela G. Decena Nick Brylle V. Paz Emmanuel R. Dela Delgado Lyka Angela B. Obero Aaron F. Ocampo Don Miguel E. Sacdalan Charlene Ann D. 《Journal of Material Cycles and Waste Management》2023,25(2):1216-1226
Journal of Material Cycles and Waste Management - The daily use of facemask to prevent virus transmission increases the negative effect on the environment because of improper waste disposal. Due to... 相似文献
26.
de Castro Lima José Augusto Monteiro Labanowski Jérôme Bastos Marília Camotti Zanella Renato Prestes Osmar Damian de Vargas Jocelina Paranhos Rosa Mondamert Leslie Granado Eugenie Tiecher Tales Zafar Mohsin Troian Alexandre Le Guet Thibaut dos Santos Danilo Rheinheimer 《Environmental science and pollution research international》2020,27(10):10581-10598
Environmental Science and Pollution Research - The total cultivated area in Brazil reached to 62 million ha in 2018, with the predominance of genetically modified soybean and corn (36 and 17... 相似文献
27.
Rafael Borge Javier López Julio Lumbreras Adolfo Narros Encarnación Rodríguez 《Atmospheric environment (Oxford, England : 1994)》2010,44(23):2681-2695
The influence of chemical boundary conditions (BC) on the response of the Community Multiscale Air Quality (CMAQ) model over the Iberian Peninsula was investigated in this study. Three strategies to supply boundary conditions in the context of the Integrated Assessment Modelling System for the Iberian Peninsula (SIMCA) were tested. Alternative methods consist in providing BC from (1) fixed, time-independent, concentration profiles, (2) concentrations predicted in a CMAQ mother domain (48 km, 1 h resolution) and (3) concentration values from the GEOS-Chem chemical-transport global model (2 × 2.5°, 3 h resolution). High resolution (3 km) simulated concentrations of the main pollutants (NO2, NO, SO2, O3, PM10 and PM2.5) were compared through a comprehensive statistical analysis including observational data from 165 monitoring stations all over the Iberian Peninsula. It was found that model sensitivity to BC for nitrogen and sulphur oxides was limited, being restricted to the vicinity of model boundaries. However, significant domain-wide differences were found when modelling ozone and PM depending on the BC provided to run the tests. Although model performance was affected by spatial and seasonal factors, the results indicate that model-derived, dynamic BC improved CMAQ predictions when compared to those based on static concentrations prescribed in the boundaries. Aggregated statistics suggest that the GEOS-Chem produced the best results for O3 and PM2.5 while NO2 and PM10 were slightly better predicted under the CMAQ nesting approach. Besides the statistical evaluation some other relevant issues in the context of Integrated Assessment Modelling (IAM) are discussed to gain a better insight into the suitability of the methods analyzed and limitations of downscaling methods. Despite being useful to get a better understanding of the role of BC in SIMCA, this study contributed to highlight model deficiencies and therefore to point out future research needs to improve IAM activities in the Iberian Peninsula. 相似文献
28.
Se Jin Choi Ssang Sun Jun Jae Eun Oh Paulo J. M. Monteiro 《Journal of Material Cycles and Waste Management》2010,12(4):275-282
This article investigates the effects of stone powder sludge on the microstructure and strength development of alkali-activated fly ash and blast furnace slag mixes. Stone powder sludge produced from a crushed aggregate factory was used to replace fly ash and granulated blast furnace slag at replacement ratios of 0%, 10%, 20%, and 30% by mass. The unit weight and compressive strength of the samples were measured, and scanning electron microscopy/energy dispersive spectroscopy and X-ray diffraction (XRD) analyses were performed. The test results indicated that the compressive strength of alkali-activated blast furnace slag mixes using stone powder sludge was higher than that of the alkali-activated blast furnace slag control mix, but the compressive strength of alkali-activated fly ash mixes decreased with increasing replacement ratio of stone powder sludge. Microscopy results indicated that for alkaliactivated blast furnace slag samples, broken surfaces were more evident than for the alkali-activated fly ash samples. For all XRD diagrams, broad and diffuse peaks were observed around 2θ = 35° (d = 2.96–3.03 Å), implying amorphous or short-ordering structure phases. 相似文献
29.
João Carrola Nádia Santos Maria J. Rocha António Fontainhas-Fernandes Miguel A. Pardal Rogério A. F. Monteiro Eduardo Rocha 《Environmental science and pollution research international》2014,21(9):6057-6068
Fish are bioindicators of water pollution, and an increased rate of their erythrocyte nuclear morphological abnormalities (ENMAs)—and particularly of erythrocyte micronuclei (EMN)—is used as a genotoxicity biomarker. Despite the potential value of ENMAs and MN, there is scarce information about fish captured in Iberian estuaries. This is the case of the Portuguese estuaries of the Mondego, Douro and Ave, suffering from different levels of environmental stress and where chemical surveys have been disclosing significant amounts of certain pollutants. So, the aim of this study was to evaluate genotoxicants impacts and infer about the exposure at those ecosystems, using the grey mullet (Mugil cephalus) as bioindicator and considering the type and frequency of nuclear abnormalities of erythrocytes as proxies of genotoxicity. Sampling of mullets was done throughout the year in the important Mondego, Douro and Ave River estuaries (centre and north-western Portugal). The fish (total n?=?242) were caught in campaigns made in spring–summer and autumn–winter, using nets or fishing rods. The sampled mullets were comparable between locations in terms of the basic biometric parameters. Blood smears were stained with Diff-Quik to assess the frequencies of six types of ENMAs and MN (given per 1,000 erythrocytes). Some basic water physicochemical parameters were recorded to search for fluctuations matching the ENMAs. Overall, the most frequent nucleus abnormality was the polymorphic type, sequentially followed by the blebbed/lobed/notched, segmented, kidney shaped, vacuolated, MN and binucleated. The total average frequency of the ENMAs ranged from 73?‰ in the Mondego to 108?‰ in the Ave. The polymorphic type was typically ≥50 % of the total ENMAs, averaging about 51?‰, when considering all three estuaries. The most serious lesion—the MN—in fish from Mondego and Douro had a similar frequency (≈0.38?‰), which was significantly lower than that in the Ave (0.75?‰). No significant seasonal differences existed as to the MN rates and seasonal differences existed almost only in the Douro, with the higher values in AW. In general, the pattern of ENMAs frequencies was unrelated with the water physicochemical parameters. Considering the data for both the total ENMAs and for each specific abnormality, and bearing in mind that values of MN in fish erythrocytes >0.3?‰ usually reflect pollution by genotoxicants, it is suggested that mullets were likely being chronically exposed to such compounds, even in the allegedly less polluted ecosystem (Mondego). Moreover, data supported the following pollution exposure gradient: Mondego?<?Douro?<?Ave. The scenario and inferences nicely agree with the published data from chemical monitoring. 相似文献
30.
Cadmium is a non-essential toxic metal that is able to bioaccumulate in both flora fauna and has the potential to biomagnify in some food chains. However, the form in which cadmium is presented to consumers can alter the bioavailability and possibly the internal distribution of assimilated Cd. Previous studies in our laboratory highlighted differences in Cd assimilation among isopods when they were provided with a plant-based food with either Cd biologically incorporated into plant tissue or superficially amended with ionic Cd(2+). Cd is known for its high affinity for sulphur ligands in cysteine residues which form the basis for metal-binding proteins such as metallothionein. This study compares Cd assimilation efficiency (AE) in Porcellio dilatatus fed with food amended with either cadmium cysteinate or cadmium nitrate in an examination of the influence of Cd speciation on metal bioavailability followed by an examination of the sub-cellular distribution using a centrifugal fractionation protocol. As hypothesized the AE of Cd among isopods fed with Cd(NO(3))(2) (64%, SE=5%) was higher than AE for isopods fed with Cd(Cys)(2) (20%, SE=3%). The sub-cellular distribution also depended on the Cd species provided. Those isopods fed Cd(Cys)(2) allocated significantly more Cd to the cell debris and organelles fractions at the expense of allocation to metal-rich granules (MRG). The significance of the difference in sub-cellular distribution with regard to toxicity is discussed. This paper demonstrates that the assimilation and internal detoxification of Cd is dependent on the chemical form of Cd presented to the isopod. 相似文献