京津冀地区钢铁行业高时空分辨率排放清单方法研究

针对目前京津冀地区钢铁行业大气污染物排放量基数不清,排放清单缺失的现状,以钢铁行业调研、企业在线监测、污染源调查等数据为基础,综合考虑钢铁行业具体工艺设备、环保措施、产能等信息,按照自下而上的方法建立了一套高时空分辨率排放清单.经计算,2012年京津冀地区钢铁企业排放SO2为47.16万t,NOx为37.22万t,烟粉尘为34.15万t,其中烧结和高炉工艺为京津冀钢铁行业污染物的主要来源;从空间分布来看,唐山、邯郸两地区集中了整个京津冀地区一半以上的钢铁企业,其污染物排放量占到了整个区域钢铁企业排放总量的一半以上.     

基于GeoDA的江苏省长江总磷空间关联度分析研究

利用地理空间分析方法和空间分析软件,采用2006年-2015年江苏省长江10个干流和45个入江支流监测点位的总磷浓度数据的年平均值,分析了江苏省长江干流和支流总磷浓度的空间相关性及其时空演变特征.分析发现长江总磷污染呈现全局正相关,相关指数总体呈现先减小后增加的趋势,直至2015年增至最大,干流总磷污染的重心先向西北后向西南移动,支流总磷污染的重心先向西北再向东南移动,重心移动幅度不大,并且二者均有向北面移动的趋势,同时移动幅度接近,长江干流总磷污染与支流的汇入是密不可分的.     

Determination of 15 phthalate esters in air by gas-phase and particle-phase simultaneous sampling

Based on previous research, the sampling and analysis methods for phthalate esters (PAEs) were improved by increasing the sampling flow of indoor air from 1 to 4 L/min, shortening the sampling duration from 8 to 2 hr. Meanwhile, through the optimization of chromatographic conditions, the concentrations of 9 additional PAE pollutants in indoor air were measured. The optimized chromatographic conditions required a similar amount of time for analysis as before, but gave high responsivity, the capability of simultaneously distinguishing 15 kinds of PAEs, and a high level of discrimination between individual sample peaks, as well as stable peak generation. The recovery rate of all gas-phase and particle-phase samples of the 15 kinds of PAEs ranged from 91.26% to 109.42%, meeting the quantitative analysis requirements for indoor and outdoor air sampling and analysis. For the first time, investigation of the concentration levels as well as characteristics of 15 kinds of PAEs in the indoor air from four different traffic micro-environments (private vehicles, busses, taxis and subways) was carried out, along with validation of the optimized sampling and analytical method. The results show that all the 9 additional PAEs could be detected at relatively high pollution levels in the indoor air from the four traffic micro-environments. As none of the pollution levels of the 15 kinds of PAEs in the indoor air from the 4 traffic micro-environments should be neglected, it is of great significance to increase the types of PAEs able to be detected in indoor air.     

环境保护系统参与空间规划的思考与建议

空间规划体系下,环境规划在空间落地性以及精细化程度上存在短板。建议环境规划进一步完善生态保护红线制度,探索环境质量底线、环保负面清单的划定技术思路与技术路线,推动环境保护系统化参与空间规划。     

小流域前置库表层沉积物农药分布特征及影响因素

利用LC-MS检测了高铺小河及前置库不同水文期15个表层水体及沉积物中8种常用农药,探讨了表层沉积物农药的分布特征、影响因素及沉积物-水交换行为。结果表明:研究区表层水体和沉积物中阿特拉津等8种农药都有检出,季节性变化从高到低依次为丰水期>平水期>枯水期;表层沉积物农药分布特征显示前置库对农药有明显削减作用;表层沉积物中所检农药的分布受TOC及粒径分布的影响。沉积物-水交换行为研究表明:高埔小河前置库主要通过颗粒沉降作用去除水中农药类有机污染物,沉积物农药作为二次污染源对上覆水风险性较小。     

中国村镇生活垃圾的养分与重金属含量特征及其农用潜力分析

对全国12个省份72个典型村镇进行了生活垃圾采样调查,系统分析了我国农村生活垃圾的基本理化特性、养分含量与重金属特征及其农用潜力。研究表明:我国典型村镇生活垃圾含水率为(53.68±8.84)%,p H为7.11±0.56,有机质含量为(49.04±10.49)%,C/N约为43∶1,C/P约为144∶1。除C/N略高外,其余特性均适合进行堆肥化处置。我国典型村镇生活垃圾中重金属As、Hg、Pb、Cd、Cr,Cu和Zn含量分别为(7.645±8.729),(0.737±0.480),(21.798±17.606),(3.356±11.012),(108.632±84.011),(36.834±10.905),(80.093±42.237)mg/kg。与国内相关标准相比,只有Hg、Cd超标,最大超标率分别为29.17%、43.75%;与欧美相关标准相比,仅有Cd、Cr超标,最大超标率分别为25.69%、37.50%。     

Microcystis aeruginosa/Pseudomonas pseudoalcaligenes interaction effects on off-flavors in algae/bacteria co-culture system under different temperatures

We conducted an experiment to study the interaction effects of Microcystis aeruginosa and Pseudomonas pseudoalcaligenes on off-flavors in an algae/bacteria co-culture system at three temperatures (24, 28 and 32°C). Gas chromatography–mass spectrometry was applied to measure off-flavor compounds dimethyl sulfide (DMS), dimethyl trisulfide (DMTS), 2-methylisoborneol, geosmin (GEO) and β-cyclocitral. During the lag phase of co-cultured M. aeruginosa (first 15 days), P. pseudoalcaligenes significantly increased the production of DMS, DMTS and β-cyclocitral at all three temperatures. In the exponential phase of co-cultured M. aeruginosa (after 15 days), M. aeruginosa became the main factor on off-flavors in the co-culture system, and β-cyclocitral turned to the highest off-flavor compound. These results also indicated that DMS, DMTS and β-cyclocitral were the main off-flavor compounds in our M. aeruginosa/P. pseudoalcaligenes co-culture system. Univariate analysis was applied to investigate the effects of M. aeruginosa and P. pseudoalcaligenes on the production of off-flavors. The results demonstrated that both M. aeruginosa and P. pseudoalcaligenes could increase the production of DMS and DMTS, while β-cyclocitral was mainly determined by M. aeruginosa. Our results also provide some insights into understanding the relationship between cyanobacteria and heterotrophic bacteria.     

基于QSAR和ICE模型的磺胺类药物的水质基准研究

药物水环境污染是一个严重的环境问题,引起了人们越来越多的关注。磺胺类药物是一类广泛使用的药物。文章应用水质毒性快速检测仪测定一系列磺胺类药物的发光菌毒性,建立发光菌毒性QSAR模型,从而解决ICE模型的基准物种毒性数据缺失的问题。基于发光菌毒性测试和QSAR、ICE毒性估算方法获得更多毒性数据,初步推导了保护水生生物的磺胺类化合物的水质基准,并为建立更加具有生态统计学意义的物种敏感性分布(SSD)模型提供一定的数据支撑。同时,结合国内外水环境中磺胺类药物的暴露水平,对我国磺胺类药物的风险水平做了初步评估,其中磺胺甲恶唑、磺胺嘧啶和磺胺喹恶林的风险较高。     

废旧塑料浮选分离中气泡黏附行为的影响

塑料浮选作为一种基于表面活性剂的废旧塑料分选技术,是解决废旧塑料环境污染的有效方法. 为深入考察塑料浮选过程中气泡的黏附行为及影响因素,运用高速摄影技术结合气泡黏附时间模型,对比分析纯水中气泡与亲/疏水材料的黏附效果,重点比较不同溶液〔纯水、鼠李糖脂和SDS(十二烷基硫酸钠)溶液〕中气泡与疏水材料的黏附时间变化,并探讨其影响机制. 结果表明:气泡在纯水中只与疏水材料发生黏附,表面活性剂及其浓度对气泡与疏水材料的黏附时间影响显著. 在c(鼠李糖脂)和c(SDS)(二者均为0.03 mmol/L)均较低的溶液中,气泡与疏水材料的黏附时间由纯水中的158 ms分别降至120和140 ms,而二者较高(10.00 mmol/L)时黏附时间分别增至1 134和338 ms. 基于黏附时间模型分析表明,黏附时间是气泡尺寸、接触角、溶液黏度及表面张力等参数的函数,通过控制这些参数可以调控气泡在目标塑料表面的黏附时间,实现浮选效率的优化.      

黄海、东海颗粒有机碳的时空分布特征

分析研究了2007年秋季黄海、东海海域颗粒有机碳(POC)的时空分布情况,结果表明:POC的浓度为7.25～766.00μg/L,平均浓度为(97.37±86.35)μg/L,其平面分布呈现近岸高、远岸低的特征,近岸POC的等值线与海岸线平行;垂直分布呈现除底层外随着深度增加逐渐降低的趋势。海水中POC浓度与浊度呈显著正相关,而与叶绿素a无显著相关关系,这表明POC主要来自于陆源输入。对不同海区POC的垂直分布和周日变化的研究结果表明,黄海区由于水深较浅,POC的垂直分布比较均匀,POC周日分布除了受到生物周日活动的影响外还受到潮汐作用的影响。长江口附近海区悬浮颗粒物浓度大小是POC浓度和分布的主要控制因素,垂直分布上表现出表层低底层高的特征。东海陆架区POC的垂直分布和周日变化均受到生物活动和水文条件等因素的共同作用,受黑潮影响的海域POC的浓度都相对较低。