中国陆地多年平均积温空间化研究

将海拔高度等反映区域特性的因子作为变量引入GIS空间化模型是提高气象数据估算精度的重要途径。根据聚类的思想,将研究区域进行聚类分区,使分区内积温分布特征一致性趋强。然后利用统计方法寻找各分区年积温随海拔变化的规律,以获得较高精度的估算结果。论文提出的基于分区DEM修正反距离空间化方法,与常用的空间化方法如克里格法、反距离平方法相比,解决了积温空间分布复杂性的问题,并一定程度上考虑了气象站点空间分布的稀疏性、不均匀性以及受海拔和区域差异等因素对积温分布的影响,具有较高的估算精度,适合于较大范围的年积温空间化。另外,由于气象台站分布在相对较低的区域,高海拔区域积温估算精度很低,利用此方法解决了高海拔区域积温估算的精度问题。     

Effects of sterilization treatments on the analysis of TOC in water samples

Decomposition experiments conducted with and without microbial processes are commonly used to study the effects of environmental microorganisms on the degradation of organic pollutants.However,the effects of biological pretreatment (sterilization) on organic matter often have a negative impact on such experiments.Based on the principle of water total organic carbon (TOC) analysis,the effects of physical sterilization treatments on determination of TOC and other water quality parameters were investigated.The results revealed that two conventional physical sterilization treatments,autoclaving and 60 Co γ-radiation sterilization,led to the direct decomposition of some organic pollutants,resulting in remarkable errors in the analysis of TOC in water samples.Furthermore,the extent of the errors varied with the intensity and the duration of sterilization treatments.Accordingly,a novel sterilization method for water samples,0.45 μm micro-filtration coupled with ultraviolet radiation (MCUR),was developed in the present study.The results indicated that the MCUR method was capable of exerting a high bactericidal effect on the water sample while significantly decreasing the negative impact on the analysis of TOC and other water quality parameters.Before and after sterilization treatments,the relative errors of TOC determination could be controlled to lower than 3% for water samples with different categories and concentrations of organic pollutants by using MCUR.     

Heavy metals in rice and garden vegetables and their potential health risks to inhabitants in the vicinity of an industrial zone in Jiangsu, China

Contamination of soil and agricultural products by heavy metals resulting from rapid industrial development has caused major concern. In this study, we investigated heavy metal (Cu, Zn, Pb, Cr, Hg and Cd) concentrations in rice and garden vegetables, as well as in cultivated soils, in a rural-industrial developed region in southern Jiangsu, China, and estimated the potential health risks of metals to the inhabitants via consumption of locally produced rice and garden vegetables. A questionnaire-based survey on dietary consumption rates of foodstuffs showed that rice and vegetables accounted for 64% of total foodstuffs consumed, and over 60% of rice and vegetables were grown in the local region. Average concentrations of Cr, Cu, Zn, Cd, Hg and Pb were 0.75, 2.64, 12.00, 0.014, 0.006 and 0.054 mg/kg dw (dry weight) in rice and were 0.67, 1.18, 4.34, 0.011, 0.002 and 0.058 mg/kg fw (fresh weight) in garden vegetables, respectively. These values were all below the maximum allowable concentration in food in China except for Cr in vegetables. Leafy vegetables had higher metal concentrations than solanaceae vegetables. Average daily intake of Cr, Cu, Zn, Cd, Hg and Pb through the consumption of rice and garden vegetables were 5.66, 16.90, 74.21, 0.10, 0.04 and 0.43 μg/(kg·day), respectively. Although Hazard Quotient values of individual metals were all lower than 1, when all six metal intakes via self-planted rice and garden vegetables were combined, the Hazard Index value was close to 1. Potential health risks from exposure to heavy metals in self-planted rice and garden vegetables need more attention.     

化学链燃烧中钙基载氧体CaS04再生的氧化反应机理

在热重和红外联用进行等温实验的基础上,探讨了氧体积分数为10%、20%,970-1150℃温度范围内化学链燃烧过程中钙基载氧体再生(cas)的氧化特性-结果显示,CaS氧化的直接产物主要为CaSO4,只有在诱导期生成极少量CaO和SO2;但CaSO4与CaS还可进一步反应,生成更多Can和S02.通过对氧气浓度和温度的实验条件改变,研究了CaS04的转化率、转化速率,并辅以S02析出速率分析,获得了CaSO4相对于CaO的瞬时选择性、Ca.SO4的收率和反应选择率.结果表明,钙基载氧体CaSO.再生过程氧化反应的适宜条件为温度970-1000℃以及较高的氧气气氛.这不仅可以抑制S02的排放量从而得到较高的反应选择率.同时反应过程也具有较高的转化速率.     

阴离子对As(Ⅲ)在砖红壤与Ti02混合体系中的光催化氧化/吸附的影响

以磷酸根和硫酸根为例,采用一次平衡法研究了无机阴离子对As(Ⅲ)在砖红壤中光催化氧化和吸附的影响.实验结果表明,磷酸根和硫酸根的加入均降低了Ae(Ⅲ)在土壤中的氧化和吸附.磷酸根的影响程度大于硫酸根,而且两者的影响机理不同.磷酸根主要通过表面吸附机制即强烈地吸附在催化剂表面导致催化剂活性降低,以及与氧化产物As(V)竞争土壤颗粒表面吸附位来影响反应活性;而硫酸根则是在光催化氧化过程中通过捕获光生空穴(h+)和羟基自由基(OH·)生成光催化效率较低的SO4-·,从而影响Ae(Ⅲ)的光催化氧化效率.     

冬季长江口及其邻近水域的浮游植物

根据2006年2月19日～3月5日在长江口及其邻近水域进行的大面调查所获样品,报道了该水域浮游植物的群落特征.此次调查共发现浮游植物5门56属116种(包括未定名17种).调查水域浮游植物群落以硅藻为主,其次为甲藻,此外还有少量的金藻、蓝藻和绿藻.主要优势种为具槽帕拉藻Paralia sulcata、离心列海链藻Thalassiosira excentricus、圆海链藻Thalassiosira rotula和辐射圆筛藻Coscinodiscus radiatus.调查区浮游植物的细胞丰度介于(111.11～2315.56)×104 /m3,平均值为914.87 ×104 /m3.近岸和调查区的东北部表层浮游植物丰度较高,其他区域表层丰度较低.浮游植物的垂直分布特征是细胞丰度的最大值出现在表层以下,随深度的增加,浮游植物的细胞丰度先上升后下降.多样性分析表明,香农-威纳多样性指数和Pielou均匀度指数在近岸口门处较高,离岸水域较低.     

三峡蓄水前后长江口水域营养盐浓度变化特征和通量估算

根据2003至2007年对长江口大通站附近水域的调查,比较和讨论了三峡工程蓄水前后该水域溶解态营养盐的浓度变化特征:蓄水后NH4+、NO2-浓度的季节分布发生了较大的变化,表现为浓度峰值均出现在2月份,高出其余3个月份约一个数量级,季节分布差异显著,RSD分别为142%和119%.蓄水后,营养盐浓度除了PO43-外均呈明显下降趋势.估算并研究了长江人河口蓄水前后营养盐通量的季节变化、年际变化,并利用月通量序列以及相应的流量序列,拟合出利用已知的月均流量预测进入河口区的月通量的关系函数.     

磷钼蓝光度法测定海藻中磷的含量

采用对P的特异性高、共存离子干扰小、显色稳定的钼蓝分光光度法,以抗坏血酸作为还原剂,通过在酸性条件下PO43-与钼酸铵结合生成磷钼酸铵,并经对苯二酚、亚硫酸钠还原成蓝色化合物-钼蓝,在其最大吸收波长660 nm条件下,对海带标准样品进行了测定.该方法所用试剂少、操作简便、测定速度快,测定结果精度高、准确度好,回收率为99.1%～100.5%,是一种简便、快捷测定海藻体内总磷含量的方法.     

上海市郊区大气细颗粒和超细颗粒物中元素粒径分布研究

用同步辐射X荧光光谱分析了上海市郊区大气细颗粒和超细颗粒物（0.028 7～2.40 μm）中元素粒径分布、质量中值粒径、元素相关性和不同粒径颗粒物中的富集因子.Ca、Ti主要分布于粒径>2 μm的颗粒物中,它们之间的相关系数达0.933,富集因子在0.1～3.2之间,且与粒径无明显关联,主要来自土壤扬尘等自然来源.V、Cr、Mn、Ni、Zn、Cu、Pb、Cl、S等元素主要分布在0.1～1.0 μm颗粒物中,质量中值粒径在0.56～0.94 μm之间.V、Cr、Ni、Cu、Zn、Pb显著富集,且富集程度随粒径减小而增大.其中Pb在超细颗粒物（<0.1 μm）中的富集因子达2 023.7～2 244.2,远大于在细颗粒和 PM_2.5中的富集程度.这些元素主要来自燃油、燃煤、冶金和机动车尾气等人为污染.Fe在>0.2 μm颗粒物中分布较均匀,质量中值粒径1.3 μm.除了局部污染源,远距离传输对该地区大气颗粒物污染有不可忽略的影响.     

猫跳河流域梯级水库夏-秋季节溶解无机碳（DIC）含量及其同位素组成的分布特征

于2007年7月(夏季)、10月(秋季)2次对猫跳河流域河流-水库水体样品进行了采集,分析其水化学组成特征,溶解无机碳(DIC)含量及其同位素组成,研究了猫跳河流域河流-水库的碳元素地球化学行为,目的是阐明梯级水库拦截后河流的碳元素含量和碳同位素(δ13CDIC)组成的分布特征.水体DIC及其同位素(1δ3CDIC)组成的总体特征为:DIC含量夏季低于秋季,夏季DIC含量为1.35~2.84 mmol/L,平均值为2.12 mmol/L,秋季DIC含量为2.03~3.98 mmol/L,平均值为2.67 mmol/L;1δ3CDIC值则相反,夏季较秋季偏正,其1δ3CDIC值流域夏季为-10.3‰~-5.1‰,平均值是-8.6‰,秋季为-13.0‰~-6.9‰,平均值为-9.0‰,表明夏季藻类光合作用优先富集12C,水体富集13C.夏季水库的DIC含量随着深度的加深而增大,而δ13CDIC值则随着深度的加深而偏负,表明表层水体受藻类生物作用影响较大,下层水体主要受有机质的降解影响.DIC含量从上游至下游呈逐渐降低的趋势,而δ13CDIC值从上游至下游呈逐渐偏负的趋势,表明河流受水坝拦截后河流水化学性质发生了改...