地表水质自动监测系统建设及运行管理研究

文章重点介绍了地表水水质自动监测系统的建设、运行、管理及应用,提出了标准化、智能化、实用性、统一性、可升级和可扩展性相结合的系统建设原则,从加强运营维护、完善监管机制、加强质量管理、严格绩效考核、科学审核数据五方面探讨了系统运行管理模式,强调自动监测数据在环境管理工作中的重要应用.文章最后对物联网、云计算和大数据技术在推动水质自动监测系统发展方面进行了展望.     

可溶性有机质生物改性介导17β-雌二醇生物降解作用

利用元素分析、紫外-可见光谱、三维荧光指数对经过15d生物改性前后腐殖酸的组分和结构进行表征,并比较了生物改性前后3种腐殖酸对17β-雌二醇(E2)的结合作用;而且研究了结合后的腐殖酸介导微生物降解E2的影响.结果表明:经过元素分析后,生物改性前的腐殖酸OLHA、OLFA、OSHA和生物改性后的腐殖酸BLHA、BLFA、BSHA的(N+O)/C值分别为0.801、1.214、0.820和0.629、1.080、0.797;紫外-可见光谱分析生物改性前后的SUVA_(254)指数分别为0.146、0.023、0.073和0.179、0.036、0.011;生物改性前后荧光指数(FI)分别为:0.723、3.385、2.757和0.681、3.017、1.702.上述3种表征手段分析得出腐殖酸的极性是一致的,即改性后的腐殖酸要比改性前的腐殖酸极性小.此外,在30h内5mgC/L的腐殖酸生物改性前后对3mg/L的E2的结合效率分别为31.37%、4.96%、25.86%和37.78%、6.03%、29.92%,明显发现改性后的腐殖酸对E2的结合作用增强;5 mgC/L的腐殖酸生物改性前后对3mg/L的E2的30h内的生物降解效率分别为46.28%、15.96%、38.76%和51.11%、17.30%、44.33%,而且同等浓度下的腐殖酸对E2的结合作用越大其介导微生物降解E2的效果越好.     

磁分离技术在水处理中的研究与应用进展

磁分离技术具有分离速率快、效率高、无二次污染、占地少、投资低、操作方便等优点,在水处理领域得到了越来越多的研究和应用,特别是随着超导高梯度磁分离技术以及磁分离器设计的进一步发展,其在水处理领域极具潜能.因此,本文通过文献调研,分析和总结了目前主要磁分离技术(例如,磁场直接应用、磁絮凝-磁分离、磁吸附-磁分离、磁催化-磁分离及磁分离耦合技术)在水处理领域的研究进展,介绍了近年来磁分离技术在国内水处理行业中的研究与实际工程应用推广现状,分析了磁分离技术应用于水处理领域的优势和当前应用中存在的限制,并对其未来发展方向进行了展望.虽然磁分离技术目前已经成为水处理领域一项广泛应用的分离技术,但在机理研究、特异性磁种制备、磁体技术与磁分离器设计、磁分离工艺优化及实际的工程应用推广上仍存在一定的滞后,需要进一步的开展研究工作.     

Comparison of using polyurethane foam passive samplers and tree bark samples from Western China to determine atmospheric organochlorine pesticide

Polyurethane foam(PUF)passive samplers were deployed and tree bark samples were collected at 15 sites across western China in 2013,and the organochlorine pesticide(OCP)concentrations in the samples were determined.Dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane and its degradation products(collectively called DDTs),hexachlorocyclohexanes(HCHs),and hexachlorobenzene(HCB)were the dominant OCPs in the PUF samples and tree bark samples.The mean DDTs,HCHs and HCB concentrations were 33,22 and 18 ng/sample in the PUF samples,and 428,74,and 43 ng/(g lipid weight(lw))in the tree bark,respectively.The OCP concentrations in the air,calculated using PUF–air and tree-bark–air partitioning models,were of the same order of magnitude.Both sample types showed that relatively fresh inputs of DDT and HCHs to the environment have occurred in western China.Meanwhile,PUF passive samplers were compared with the use of tree bark samples as passive samplers.The OCP compositions in the PUF and tree bark samples were different.Only the relatively stable OCPs(such as HCB,β-HCH and p,p′-dichlorodiphenyldichloro-ethylene(DDE))were consistent in the PUF and tree bark samples.     

The market and shadow value of informal fish catch: a framework and application to Panama

Fisheries catches are known to be widely underreported, and much of their value flows in informal markets. Goods and services that are not directly sold in a market also have a corresponding economic value, here termed ‘shadow value’, which can apply to discarded fish—or those that are consumed but not sold (e.g., subsistence catches). Here, we estimate the monetary value of fisheries catches in Panama that are landed but not reported, or that are discarded at sea; this includes catches from artisanal and industrial fleets, as well as recreational and subsistence fisheries. Based on available data, we estimate that the market and shadow value of unreported catches in Panama in 2010 was around US$92 million, equal to approximately 43% of the total reported landed value. In the case of discarded fish, the shadow value represents the potential but entirely unrealized economic benefit of landing such fish; in the case of unreported landings, unreported market value represents only the first link in the potentially sophisticated informal seafood economy. One must be careful in considering these results for policy. It is possible that, rather than seeking to capture these ‘lost’ benefits, fish that are discarded or unreported should not have been caught at all, for example, if they are juveniles or of threatened species; conversely, unreported subsistence catches are crucial for food security throughout the world. These results help contextualize the scale of unreported fisheries in economic terms, and can inform subsequent policies and strategies to ensure social, ecological, and economic sustainability.     

黄海、东海颗粒有机碳的时空分布特征

分析研究了2007年秋季黄海、东海海域颗粒有机碳(POC)的时空分布情况,结果表明:POC的浓度为7.25～766.00μg/L,平均浓度为(97.37±86.35)μg/L,其平面分布呈现近岸高、远岸低的特征,近岸POC的等值线与海岸线平行;垂直分布呈现除底层外随着深度增加逐渐降低的趋势。海水中POC浓度与浊度呈显著正相关,而与叶绿素a无显著相关关系,这表明POC主要来自于陆源输入。对不同海区POC的垂直分布和周日变化的研究结果表明,黄海区由于水深较浅,POC的垂直分布比较均匀,POC周日分布除了受到生物周日活动的影响外还受到潮汐作用的影响。长江口附近海区悬浮颗粒物浓度大小是POC浓度和分布的主要控制因素,垂直分布上表现出表层低底层高的特征。东海陆架区POC的垂直分布和周日变化均受到生物活动和水文条件等因素的共同作用,受黑潮影响的海域POC的浓度都相对较低。     

组合权重法在长江口生态评价系统中的应用

建立了基于组合权重法的长江口生态评价系统,并对2008年长江口生态监控区进行了综合评价,结果表明:整个监测区域已经没有健康海域,5月份健康状况要稍好于8月份.该评价系统在实际应用中客观、准确,能为生态监控区的监视、监管工作提供科学的依据.     

稀土元素与辣根过氧化物酶相互作用机理的论述

叙述了稀土元素的化学结构及其在农业方面的应用,系统介绍了植物辣根过氧化物酶(HRP)的结构及其在植物体内的功能,并以重稀土元素Tb(Ⅲ)为例,通过探讨其对HRP的酶活和生态毒理效应等影响的研究,对两者相互作用的可能性机理进行了研究。     

环境分析技术应用探讨

对环境分析技术在环境工程中的作用以及环境分析工作过程进行了阐述,根据该环境分析工作过程对某型机载设备的低气压环境条件进行了环境分析,确定了该型机载设备的环境适应性要求和环境试验要求.采用规范合理的环境分析技术是获得科学合理的环境要求和提高环境适应性的关键.     

白龙港污水处理厂污泥厌氧消化启动试验研究

分析了上海白龙港污水处理厂的化学污泥和剩余污泥的性质,在此基础上分别研究了以化学污泥、剩余污泥、化学污泥和剩余污泥组成的混合污泥为接种污泥,对比研究了三种污泥的厌氧消化启动,结果表明,从产气量和有机物降解率分析,三种污泥作为厌氧消化的种泥都是可行的,启动优先顺序为化学污泥>混合污泥>剩余污泥,但考虑到化学污泥进行厌氧消化后出泥脱水性能差,建议采用化学污泥和剩余污泥的混合污泥进行启动。