基于ANSYS-PDS的含缺陷压力容器可靠性分析

为更准确地分析含缺陷压力容器的可靠性,提出采用ANSYS软件中的PDS模块建模求解,从本质上克服API 581压力容器可靠性分析的局限性,采用将压力容器的内径、原始壁厚、缺陷深度、压力容器内压设置为服从正态分布的随机变量的方法,基于响应面法结合蒙特卡洛法抽样分析,通过编写APDL代码,探讨含缺陷压力容器的可靠性.结果表...     

Lead adsorption capacities of different components in natural surface coatings

Pb adsorption capacities of Fe oxide, Mn oxide and organic materials in natural surface coatings (biofilms and associated minerals) collected in three lakes, two ponds and a river in Jilin Province, China and Cayuga Lake in US were studied. A novel extraction technique was employed to remove one or more component(s) from the surface coatings. Pb adsorption to surface coatings before and after extraction was performed to determine the adsorptive properties of the extracted component(s). The statistical analysis of observed Pb adsorption was carried out using nonlinear least squares fitting (NLSF) to estimate the Pb adsorption capacity of each component of surface coatings. For each body of water, the estimated Pb adsorption capacity of Mn oxide( mol Pb/mol Mn) was significantly higher than that of Fe oxide( mol Pb/ mol Fe). The value of estimated adsorption capacities of organic materials with the unit mol Pb per kg COD was similar to or less than that of Fe oxides with the unit mol Pb per mol Fe. Comparison of components of surface coatings in different waters showed that the estimated Pb adsorption capacities of components in surface coatings developed in different natural waters were different,especially for Mn oxides.     

基于突发地质灾害应急防治的边(滑)坡分类方法∗

边(滑)坡分类是进行突发地质灾害应急防治研究的重要手段之一,也是采用工程类比法进行边(滑)坡灾害防治的基础。为此,首先对国内外边(滑)坡分类方法研究现状进行了回顾,并按照分类方法及分类目的,把现有的边(滑)坡分类方法分为了4类:基于单因素及多因素的滑坡分类方法、基于破坏模式与治理措施的滑坡分类方法、基于监测预警的滑坡分类方法和基于稳定性评价的滑坡分类方法,而后对上述分类方法的优缺点进行了评述。最后,基于突发地质灾害应急防治的迫切需求和分类目的,在前人研究的基础上分别建立了基于监测预警和失稳后运动距离预测的突发滑坡应急防治分类方法,该分类方法基于应急防治的特殊要求,在前者加入了临灾征兆的分类指标,这将对突发滑坡灾害应急防治提供更有针对性的指导。     

中国省域可持续发展压力的量化与评价

本文将可持续发展研究纳入到“社会-经济-自然”复合系统中，提出复合生态系统压力论，并进行了我国可持续发展压力的分省实证量化。文章基于有效劳动力负担系数和发展水平指数、基于人均耕地和资源利用效率分别进行相关聚类，归纳出中国分省发展压力最大而资源支持能力最薄弱的省份位于中西部落后地区，揭示了现状下，我国贫穷落后和生态环境恶化具有空间相关性。     

基于我国物种毒性数据的多溴联苯醚预测无效应浓度分析

采用多溴联苯醚(PBDEs)对我国广泛分布生物物种的生态毒性数据,根据欧盟现有化学物质风险评价技术指导文件,对不同环境介质中PBDEs预测无效应浓度(PNEC)进行了推导。结果表明:我国淡水环境PBDEs(四溴、五溴、八溴)的PNEC水分别为50μg·L~(-1)、0.53μg·L~(-1)、0.017μg·L~(-1)。沉积物环境PBDEs(四溴、五溴、八溴和十溴)的PNEC沉积物分别为823.35 mg·kg~(-1)wt、1.55 mg·kg~(-1)dw、12.72 mg·kg~(-1)dw、38.41 mg·kg~(-1)dw。土壤环境PBDEs(四溴、五溴、八溴和十溴)的PNEC土壤分别为668.3mg·kg~(-1)wt、0.38 mg·kg~(-1)dw、147 mg·kg~(-1)dw、98 mg·kg~(-1)dw。次生毒性PBDEs(五溴、八溴和十溴)的PNEC经口分别为0.3~0.7 mg·kg~(-1)、0.56 mg·kg~(-1)、2 500 mg·kg~(-1)。该数值期为我国PBDEs的环境风险评价提供科学基础。     

Insight into the dynamic microbial community and core bacteria in composting from different sources by advanced bioinformatics methods

Microbial communities are important for high composting efficiency and good quality composts. This study was conducted to compare the changes of physicochemical and bacterial characteristics in composting from different raw materials, including chicken manure (CM), duck manure (DM), sheep manure (SM), food waste (FW), and vegetable waste (VW). The role and interactions of core bacteria and their contribution to maturity in diverse composts were analyzed by advanced bioinformatics methods combined sequencing with co-occurrence network and structural equation modeling (SEM). Results indicated that there were obviously different bacterial composition and diversity in composting from diverse sources. FW had a low pH and different physiochemical characteristics compared to other composts but they all achieved similar maturity products. Redundancy analysis suggested total organic carbon, phosphorus, and temperature governed the composition of microbial species but key factors were different in diverse composts. Network analysis showed completely different interactions of core bacterial community from diverse composts but Thermobifida was the ubiquitous core bacteria in composting bacterial network. Sphaerobacter and Lactobacillus as core genus were presented in the starting mesophilic and thermophilic phases of composting from manure (CM, DM, SM) and municipal solid waste (FW, VW), respectively. SEM indicated core bacteria had the positive, direct, and the biggest (>?80%) effects on composting maturity. Therefore, this study presents theoretical basis to identify and enhance the core bacteria for improving full-scale composting efficiency facing more and more organic wastes.

     

Combined application of chemical fertilizer with green manure increased the stabilization of organic carbon in the organo-mineral complexes of paddy soil

Environmental Science and Pollution Research - The influence of the combined application of chemical fertilizer with green manure on the stabilization of organic carbon (C) was explored in the...     

实施最严格的野生动物保护:中国现状与改革方向

随着全球工业化和城市化的快速发展,野生动物及其栖息地保护面临着前所未有的挑战。本文识别了我国的野生动物保护存在的主要问题:(1)现行《野生动物保护法》对野生动物保护范围界定过窄,资源利用主导思维干扰了野生动物保护,缺乏对生态系统与生物安全的足够重视。(2)由于现行野生动物保护立法、执法和管理制度不健全甚至缺失,导致野生动物驯养繁殖交易市场长期混乱,甚至成为非法野生动物交易的"洗白工具"。(3)社会公众群体尊重和保护野生动物意识淡薄,全民参与和监督举报机制不健全。本文认为,我国应该实施最严格的野生动物保护制度,实现人与野生动物平等、文明、和谐相处,建议:(1)树立尊重野生动物物种生存权、人与野生动物文明和谐相处的理念,摒弃野生动物资源利用观,重构人与野生动物平等共存关系。(2)清晰界定野生动物法律定义,扩大野生动物保护范围,围绕捕猎、繁育、运输、储存、转让、食用等环节,全面、科学、精准地构建最严格的野生动物保护制度。(3)立足于全面保护野生动物,严格禁止滥食滥用野生动物和过度商业化利用,实行野生动物保护利用特许制度,并大幅提高标准严格控制交易和利用,建立职责清晰的执法监管和惩治体系。(4)建立最严格的野生动物保护公众参与和司法治理体系,实施野生动物非法贸易、猎杀的行政公益诉讼制度,引导公众建立爱护保护野生动物、不食不用野生动物的文明行为,最终实现人类社会与野生动物的文明和谐共处。     

秸秆还田、覆膜和施氮对旱地麦田土壤质量的影响

通过5 a大田定位试验研究了秸秆还田、覆膜及氮肥对旱地土壤质量的影响.以双因素裂区设计,主处理为3种栽培模式：常规栽培(CT)、秸秆还田(SR)和覆膜栽培(FM);副处理为3种施氮水平：0、144和180 kg·hm^-2.在第5季冬小麦收获后采集耕层0～20 cm土壤样品,测定容重(BD)、孔隙度(SP)、田间持水量(FC)、有机碳(SOC)、全氮(TN)、全磷(TP)、全钾(TK)、矿质氮(NO₃^--N+NH₄⁺-N)、速效磷(AP)、速效钾(AK)、微生物生物量碳(MBC)、微生物生物量氮(MBN)、蔗糖酶(SA)、碱性磷酸酶(ALP)、脲酶(UA)和脱氢酶(DHA)等土壤理化性质及生物性质等指标,基于两个最小数据集(MDS),利用线性(LT)和非线性(NLT)评分模型计算土壤质量指数(SQI),通过与冬小麦产量拟合来寻找最优SQI,据此分析土壤质量对秸秆还田、覆膜及氮肥的响应.结果表明,SR处理的SP、FC、SOC、TK、SA、ALP、DHA、MBN和MBC分别较CT显著...     

A study on the short-term effect of particulate matter pollution on hospital visits for asthma in children in Shanghai,China

Environmental Geochemistry and Health - Recently, particulate matter pollution has been worsening, which has been affecting the asthma visits in children. In this study, we assessed the short-term...