西南地区水库生态环境特征与研究展望

西南是我国水资源富集区,随着清洁能源"西电东送"、城镇化建设和水利水电发展战略的持续实施,西南地区水库的数量将不断被刷新,水库数量快速增长与日益凸显的生态环境问题存在突出矛盾。西南地区水库具有独特的地质地理背景和生态环境特征,主要表现在:1)具人工建造属性,水环境与生态系统演化起点不同于天然湖泊;2)水位逆周期人为调控,消落带生态功能退化;3)亚深水型,水体季节性分层控制了湖泊的关键物理、化学和生物过程;4)沉积物有机质和营养盐蓄积量大,潜在二次污染风险大;5)物质循环的累积效应对水库及下游水环境与水生态安全具重要影响;6)水体富营养化与重金属污染叠加、复合;7)物质循环和生物过程受多界面作用控制。当前对西南地区亚深水型水库生态环境的研究远落后于东部浅水湖泊,亟待对其生态环境演变过程与规律开展深入研究,研究建立与之适宜的水环境演变理论和治理技术体系,为该类型水库生态环境保护与治理提供有效科技支撑。     

RAMS contribution to efficient waste minimisation and management

The significance of waste management systems in recent years increased due to the growing problems of waste management chains affecting the daily lives of millions of people and the impact on the environment. Several promising approaches have been developed in the past few years. One of them is the waste management system modelling using reliability, availability, maintainability and safety software. This paper analyses and evaluates this approach. The main goal is to provide quantitative forecasts for various performance measures of waste management systems. They include availability, downtimes, number of failures, and cost. Evaluation of these measures is important for optimal decision making. The system design should both maximise the system performance leading to cleaner processing and minimise the overall cost within the allowable constraints. The effectiveness of this methodology is demonstrated through a case study.     

The Environmental Performance Strategy Map: an integrated LCA approach to support the strategic decision-making process

Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) is a well-known tool for analyzing environmental impacts on a wide perspective with reference to a product system and the related environmental and economic impacts. The need for a novel approach that complements environmental and financial considerations is addressed in this study with the introduction of a new graphical representation: the Environmental Performance Strategy Map. This graphical map allows one to combine the main environmental indicators (footprints) with the additional dimension of cost. The paper defines the Sustainable Environmental Performance Indicator as a single measure for sustainability of a given option. Comparison of different options for strategic decision-making purposes can be enhanced and facilitated by the use of this indicator.     

我国主要河流中3种氯酚混合物的生态风险评价

氯酚类化合物是我国河流中广泛存在的一类优先控制污染物. 利用基于相似作用模式的混合物风险商（RQ_m）的方法,对我国主要河流中五氯酚、2,4-二氯酚和2,4,6-三氯酚组成的混合物进行了生态风险评价. 结果表明:我国河流中3种氯酚化合物的RQ_m均小于1. 黄河中3种氯酚化合物的RQ_m最高为0.377,长江、珠江、淮河和松花江中3种氯酚化合物的RQ_m分别为0.055、0.039、0.035和0.010,其他河流的RQ_m均小于0010. 整体上看,我国北部河流3种氯酚化合物的RQ_m比南部河流高.      

新安江水库河口区水质及藻类群落结构高频变化

水库库尾区的水环境多变,是水库生态系统突变的重要策源地.为探究大型水库水源地水环境演变特征及其突变的促发机制,以新安江水库为例,通过库尾河口断面18个月水质浮标的高频记录及3 d一次的藻类群落结构人工鉴定数据等,分析了气象水文过程影响下的水库库尾区的水温、溶解氧、浊度及营养盐等环境指标及藻类群落结构的高频变化特征,揭示了降雨、入流及季节温度变化等关键气象水文过程对水库水质及藻类群落结构的影响机制.结果表明:①在27 m深的河流入库区的水体温度和溶解氧存在明显的季节分层,相应水体藻类叶绿素a和营养盐等指标也同步发生分层,水温分层从气温达到14℃以上的3月中旬开始,至气温降至24℃后的10月中旬结束,期间较大降雨和入流多次破坏水温分层;②河道入库区水体氮、磷等营养盐变幅大,总磷浓度变幅为0. 011～0. 188 mg·L^-1之间,总氮浓度变幅为0. 75～2. 76 mg·L^-1之间,总磷和总氮中的溶解态占比分别为56%及88%,降雨入流对水体营养盐浓度影响巨大,3 d的累积降雨与水体氮、磷浓度显著正相关,3～6月(雨季)的营养盐含量明显高于其...     

全自动烷基汞分析仪测定水中烷基汞的方法研究

建立了全自动烷基汞分析仪测定水中的烷基汞(甲基汞,乙基汞)的方法.实验中衍生化反应所用的试剂为含有2.0 mol/L醋酸缓冲液,1%(g/v)NaBEt4(四乙基硼化钠)和1%(g/v)NaBPr4(四丙基硼化钠)的2%(g/v)氢氧化钾-水溶液,经衍生化的水样直接吹扫捕集后,进入气相色谱柱中分离并高温裂解,最后进入冷原子荧光检测器(CVAFS)中检测甲基汞和乙基汞的含量.甲基汞和乙基汞的方法检出限分别为0.002 ng/L和0.005 ng/L.     

Property rights integrity,tenure security and forestland rental market participation: Evidence from Jiangxi Province,China

The decentralization of property rights is the focus of the forest tenure reforms in several developing countries. In China, it was achieved by the launch of a new round of collective forest tenure reform beginning in 2003, which provided farmers with more integrated and secure forestland rights. Drawing on household data collected in Jiangxi province in 2011 and 2013, this paper examines the impacts of households’ recognition of property rights and improved tenure security on forestland rental activities. Our empirical results show that households with higher perceptions of more complete use rights and mortgage rights have a lower probability and intensity of renting‐in land, while households with lower expectations of future forestland redistribution or expropriation are more likely to rent in forestland and more of it. These results imply that the development of a forestland rental market leading to better forest management requires an integrated forestland management approach consisting of decentralization of property rights and village governance. In particular, the central government may further clarify the rights and obligations affiliated to forestland ownership, contractual rights, and management rights; while the village collective may shift from direct intervention in the integrity and security of forestland rights to the supervision and protection of decentralized forestland rights to increase efficiency from the decentralization of property rights.     

Levels, sources and health risks of carbonyls and BTEX in the ambient air of Beijing, China

The atmospheric concentrations of carbonyls and BTEX (benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, m,p-xylene and o-xylene) were measured simultaneously at a same sampling site in Beijing from September 2008 to August 2010. The average concentrations of the total measured carbonyls during autumn, winter, spring, and summer were 37.7, 31.3, 39.7, 50.5 μg/m³, respectively, and maximal values for their diurnal variations usually happened at noontime. In contrast to carbonyls, the average concentrations of the total measured BTEX during the four seasons were 27.2, 31.9, 23.2, 19.1 μg/m³, respectively, and minimal values for their diurnal variations always occurred in the early afternoon. The average concentration for carbonyls increased about 24% from September 2008-August 2009 to September 2009-August 2010, for BTEX, increased about 15%. Integrated life time cancer risks for three carcinogens (benzene, formaldehyde and acetaldehyde) in Beijing exceeded the value of 1E-06, and the hazard quotient (HQ) of non-cancer risk of exposure to formaldehyde exceeded unity.     

基于能值理论的佳木斯市生态经济系统研究

运用能值分析方法对佳木斯市生态经济系统中能量、资源流动及系统的状况进行了系统的分析,并与其他国家或地区进行了比较。结果表明:佳木斯市的电力能值使用量比例为15.09%,低于发达国家和国内的发达地区;能值可持续发展指数为7.50,表明该地区处于不发达状态;环境负荷率为1.9。丰富的资源与较小的环境压力有利于发展当地经济。在此分析基础之上,对佳木斯市的可持续发展提出了有效的政策建议。     

从稠油罐底泥中回收矿物油

为了回收稠油罐底泥（简称油泥）中的矿物油并提高油泥焚烧系统的处理能力,分析了辽河油泥的特点,对比传统油泥处理方法的优劣,提出了溶剂萃取-离心分离-稠油热废水洗涤-离心分离技术回收矿物油的工艺路线。实验结果表明：该工艺可回收92．07％的矿物油和56．85％的热能;残渣中矿物油的质量分数小于等于2．00％,热值大于等于5000kJ／kg,不需添加辅助燃料即可焚烧处理。