Residue determination and dissipation of ioxynil octanoate in maize and soil

A simple and efficient residue analysis method for direct determination of ioxynil octanoate in maize and soil was developed and validated with High Performance Liquid Chromatography-Ultra Violet (HPLC-UV). The samples were extracted with mixtures of acetonitrile and deionized water followed by Solid Phase Extraction (SPE) to remove co-extractives prior to analysis by HPLC-UV. The recoveries of ioxynil octanoate extracted from maize and soil samples ranged from 86 %-104 % and 84 %-96 %, respectively, with relative standard deviation (RSD) less than 7.84% and sensitivity of 0.01 mg kg(-1). The method was applied to determine the residue of ioxynil octanoate in maize and soil samples from experimental field. Data had shown that the dissipation rate in soil was described as pseudo-first-order kinetics and the half-life (t(1/2)) was less than 1.78 days. No ioxynil octanoate residue (<0.01 mg kg(-1)) was detected in maize at harvest time withholding period of 60 days after treatments of the pesticide. Direct confirmation of the analytes in field trial samples was realized by Liquid Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (LC-MS).     

LiFePO_4非均相Fenton法处理亚甲基蓝染料的研究

采用水热法制备出LiFePO4催化剂,通过电子显微镜（SEM）、X射线衍射（XRD）和傅立叶红外光谱（FTIR）对其进行表征,并将其作为非均相Fenton催化剂处理亚甲基蓝（MB）染料溶液。实验结果表明,在催化剂用量为4 g/L,H2O2浓度为0.04 mol/L,pH值为3,温度为50℃,反应时间为60 min的条件下,浓度为500 mg/L的亚甲基蓝脱色率达99%。根据实验结果,讨论了LiFePO4作为非均相Fenton催化剂对亚甲基蓝的降解机理。     

混合添加剂对PVDF平板疏水膜结构及性能的影响

以不同添加剂采用浸没沉淀相转换法制备基于无纺布支撑的聚偏氟乙烯(PVDF)平板疏水膜,考察了不同添加剂的加入对膜性能与结构的影响;并利用扫描电子显微镜(SEM)、原子力学显微镜(AFM)、红外光谱(FTIR)、接触角测量及膜蒸馏实验等对疏水膜的结构及性能进行表征。结果表明,引入混合型添加剂制备的膜具有较高通量和盐截留率,其疏水性最强,而添加剂对聚合物的晶型影响较小。以35 g/L的NaCl盐溶液为进料液对制备的平板膜进行直接接触式膜蒸馏实验,在热侧进水温度为50℃、冷侧温度为20℃的条件下,所制备的疏水膜通量最高可达12.45 kg/(m2.h),截留率为99.99%。     

Characterization of the first step involved in enzymatic pathway for microcystin-RR biodegraded by Sphingopyxis sp. USTB-05

Enzymes encoded by genes biodegrading microcystins (MCs) can help reveal the function of genes and biodegradation pathway of MCs. Here the first and important gene (USTB-05-A, 1,008 bp) involved in biodegradation of microcystin-RR (MC-RR) was cloned from Sphingopyxis sp. USTB-05 and firstly expressed in Escherichia coli BL21 (DE3) with an expression vector of pGEX4T-1 successfully. The nucleotide sequences of cloned USTB-05-A possessed 92.5% homology to that of mlA reported in Sphingomonas sp. strain ACM-3962. The deduced amino acid sequences containing the cleavage sites of 26th (alanine) and 27th (leucine) showed 83% identical to that of MlrA. The cell-free extract (CE) of recombinant E. coli BL21 (DE3) containing USTB-05-A had high activity for biodegrading MC-RR. Initial MC-RR of 40 mg L⁻¹ was completely biodegraded under total protein of 350 mg L⁻¹ within 0.25 h. A product derived from MC-RR appeared distinctly with the decrease of MC-RR peak on the profile of HPLC. The product (m/z 1056.5) had molecular weight of 18 higher than that of MC-RR (m/z 1038.7). The findings provided the positive evidences that biodegradation of MC-RR began with the breakage of cyclic MC-RR and then it was converted to linear MC-RR as the first product catalyzed by first enzyme of Sphingopyxis sp. USTB-05.     

基于CFD的两种紫外消毒模型的比较研究

为了预测紫外反应器的消毒效率,提高模拟的准确度,对两种紫外光强模型进行了比较分析。利用CFD技术,采用数值模拟的方法,对线源和柱源两种光强模型进行了光强分布以及消毒效率的模拟,并采用生物实验进行了验证。结果表明:与柱源模型相比,线源模型在近灯管处强度高42.3%,在1.2 cm处二者趋于一致;针对同一管式紫外反应器,透光率为95%时,线源模型的模拟结果偏大,柱源结果偏小;透光率为80%时,线源及柱源模型的模拟结果都偏大,流量及模型影响较小,透光率成为主要影响因素。综合比较,柱源模型适用于小型管式紫外灯消毒数值模型的开发。     

Enhancement of chlorophenol sorption on soil by geophagous earthworms (Metaphire guillelmi)

Earthworms are the dominant soil biomass of many terrestrial ecosystems and markedly influence the physico-chemical and biological properties of soil; however, little is known about the effects of earthworm activities on the environmental behavior of micropollutants in soil. We studied the sorption and desorption of 2,4-dichlorophenol, 2,4,6-trichlorophenol, and pentachlorophenol on geophagous earthworm (anecic Metaphire guillelmi) casts of various aging times and on the parent soil. The casts were characteristic of lower pH and higher content of fine particles (silt and clay) than the parent soil. The sorption of the chlorophenols on the soil and casts were well fitted to linear isotherms, with sorption capacity in the order of pentachlorophenol > 2,4-dichlorophenol > 2,4,6-trichlorophenol. The sorption on the cast with different aging time was quite similar and was higher than on the parent soil. The sorption on the soil did not change between pH 7.07 of the soil and pH 6.76 of the casts. The desorption hysteresis of the chlorophenols on the soil and casts was compound specific and 2,4,6-trichlorophenol showed the highest hysteresis. The higher sorption capacity of the casts was not owing to the lowered pH of the casts, but mainly to the higher fine particles in the casts and the possible changes of nature of the soil organic matter through the earthworm gut passage. Our results indicate that geophagous earthworms may change sorption behavior and thus the bioavailability and transport of chlorophenols in soil. Earthworm effects should be considered when evaluating the environmental behavior and risk of organic pollutants in the ecosystems where earthworms are abundant.     

On airborne nano/micro-sized wear particles released from low-metallic automotive brakes

The paper addresses the wear particles released from commercially available “low-metallic” automotive brake pads subjected to brake dynamometer tests. Particle size distribution was measured in situ and the generated particles were collected. The collected fractions and the original bulk material were analyzed using several chemical and microscopic techniques. The experiments demonstrated that airborne wear particles with sizes between 10 nm and 20 μm were released into the air. The numbers of nanoparticles (<100 nm) were by three orders of magnitude larger when compared to the microparticles. A significant release of nanoparticles was measured when the average temperature of the rotor reached 300 °C, the combustion initiation temperature of organics present in brakes. In contrast to particle size distribution data, the microscopic analysis revealed the presence of nanoparticles, mostly in the form of agglomerates, in all captured fractions. The majority of elements present in the bulk material were also detected in the ultra-fine fraction of the wear particles.     

Comparison of competitive and synergetic adsorption of three phenolic compounds on river sediment

Knowledge of toxic chemical sorption by soil/sediment is critical for environmental risk assessment of toxic chemicals, especially for the multi-sorbate system in river ecosystem. Sorption characteristics of 2, 4-Dichlorophenol, 2, 4-Dinitrophenol and 2, 4-Dimethyphenol on sediment were investigated. Adsorption isotherms in single- and multi-sorbate systems fitted well the Freundlich model. The adsorption effects were different among three selected phenolic compounds in single- and multi-sorbate systems. The synergetic affect that 2, 4-Dinitrophenol and 2, 4-Dimethyphenol bring to 2, 4-Dichlorophenol can be explained by the compression of double electronic layer and the charge neutrality. Adsorption kinetic results showed that pseudo-second-order model can be used to describe the experimental data and the adsorption affinity of phenolic compounds influenced greatly by the adsorption velocity. The present study suggests that the fate and transport of emerging pollutants such as phenolic compounds could be affected in the presence of different hydrophobic pollutants in aquatic systems.     

Indoor and outdoor sources of size-resolved mass concentration of particulate matter in a school gym—implications for exposure of exercising children

Introduction  

It has been noticed many times that schools are buildings with high levels of particulate matter concentrations. Several authors documented that concentrations of particulate matter in indoor school microenvironments exceed limits recommended by WHO namely when school buildings are situated near major roads with high traffic densities. In addition, exercise under conditions of high particulate concentrations may increase the adverse health effects, as the total particle deposition increases in proportion to minute ventilation, and the deposition fraction nearly doubles from rest to intense exercise.     

H2O和SO2对V2O5-WO3/TiO2催化剂催化氧化NO的影响

研究了在120℃的反应温度下,H2O和SO2对V2O5-WO3TiO2催化剂选择性催化氧化(SCO)NO的影响.结果表明,在H2O和SO2存在的情况下催化剂失活很快,停止通入H2O和SO2后活性不能恢复,但在加热到250℃后催化活性基本恢复.FT-IR分析表明,催化剂表面形成了金属硝酸盐和Ti的硫酸盐,对催化活性有一定...