玉米秆碳源去除地下水硝酸盐

研究比较了经氢氧化钠、氨水预处理的玉米秆和玉米芯作为生物反硝化碳源时,不同氮负荷条件下的脱氮性能。结果表明,经3%氢氧化钠溶液预处理的玉米秆,在不同氮负荷下均具有较高的硝酸盐去除率,最高达到了97.17%。在原位净化模拟实验中,用该方法预处理的玉米秆作为可渗透反应墙(PRB)的填充介质,硝酸盐和总氮的去除率分别达到了89.68%和84.97%,且出水中没有亚硝酸盐氮和氨氮的积累。结果表明,经3%氢氧化钠溶液预处理的玉米秆,可以作为地下水原位净化修复的固相碳源。     

低温季大型表流湿地对微污染水体脱氮效果及优化运行

低温季表流湿地脱氮效果下降是业内公认的难题,长期以来备受人们的关注,但针对大型表流湿地处理微污染水体的相应研究开展较少。综述了表流湿地脱氮机理及低温季限制因素,同时以盐龙湖工程的表流湿地单元为实例,分析了其在低温季对微污染水体中各形态氮素的净化效果,从优化湿地运行角度出发开展研究。结果表明,在低温季表流湿地进水的TN平均值为1.16~3.35 mg/L条件下,TN、NH3-N、硝态氮、Org-N的平均去除率为13%、35%、15%、-14%;显著影响表流湿地出水TN浓度的因素为湿地运行面积、进水负荷、温度以及进水浓度(p 湿地运行面积(负相关)> 进水负荷(负相关)> 温度(负相关)。显著影响表流湿地NH3-N出水浓度的因素为温度与进水浓度(p温度(负相关);当HRT从3-N的平均去除率分别由6%、26%提升到17%与41%。     

表面改性活性炭对水中头孢拉定的吸附性能

为了研究改性前后活性炭对水中低浓度头孢拉定的吸附效果,探讨了投加量、初始浓度、温度、pH值和时间对吸附去除率的影响。结果表明,经Fe(NO3)3溶液改性后,活性炭对头孢拉定的吸附能力得到加强;经Fe(NO3)3溶液浸渍改性获得的活性炭对头孢拉定的吸附,能很好地与Langmuir型等温方程拟合,线性相关数达0.98以上;吸附过程符合二级反应动力学描述,线性相关数达0.998以上。     

Mn-Ce改性活性焦催化剂低温SCR性能

采用等体积浸渍法制备Mn-Ce/活性焦催化剂,用于烟气的脱硝。研究发现,Mn-Ce负载量为8%的活性焦催化剂具有较好的脱硝性能,在120℃下脱硝效率达87%。通过BET、FTIR及XPS表征发现,活性焦在负载8%Mn-Ce后比表面积、孔容、孔径都有所提高,而且催化剂表面化学性质发生了改变,催化剂的活化中心由官能团转向金属氧化物。     

不同粒径垃圾焚烧底渣对固化市政污泥工程特性的影响

在有膜标准养护和自然养护7 d和28 d的情况下,测定了固化体的含水率、有机质含量、抗剪强度、无侧限抗压强度及增容比等工程指标。研究结果表明,固化体含水率随垃圾焚烧底渣颗粒增大而增大;有机质含量则与颗粒大小没有明显相关性;粘聚力随垃圾焚烧底渣颗粒粒径增大而减小;内摩擦角随垃圾焚烧底渣颗粒粒径增大而增大;无侧限抗压强度随垃圾焚烧底渣粒径增大而增大;实验配比为100:20:20情况下的增容比均小于1.08。底渣中2 mm以上大颗粒对固化起到了更加积极的作用。垃圾焚烧底渣作为骨料,增强工程特性、减小固化剂用量、降低成本。研究成果拓展了污泥处理处置途径。     

电力物联网技术的应用

针对目前电力通信网网络资源现状及技术体制特点,结合电力物联网需求,提出基于物联网、以太网无源光网络(Ethernet Passive Optical Network,EPON)和同步数字传输(Syn-chronous Digital Hierarchy,SDH)技术的组网方案,并对物联网安全体系建设进行了分析。结果表明:完善的 SDH 网络和基于城区配电通信需求的 EPON 通信网络能够满足城市配电物联网的相关应用。     

Enhancing sensitivity of microbial fuel cell sensors for low concentration biodegradable organic matter detection: Regulation of substrate concentration, anode area and external resistance

The relatively low sensitivity is an important reason for restricting the microbial fuel cell (MFC) sensors’ application in low concentration biodegradable organic matter (BOM) detection. The startup parameters, including substrate concentration, anode area and external resistance, were regulated to enhance the sensitivity of MFC sensors. The results demonstrated that both the substrate concentration and anode area were positively correlated with the sensitivity of MFC sensors, and an external resistance of 210 Ω was found to be optimal in terms of sensitivity of MFC sensors. Optimized MFC sensors had lower detection limit (1 mg/L) and higher sensitivity (Slope value of the linear regression curve was 1.02), which effectively overcome the limitation of low concentration BOM detection. The essential reason is that optimized MFC sensors had higher coulombic efficiency, which was beneficial to improve the sensitivity of MFC sensors. The main impact of the substrate concentration and anode area was to regulate the proportion between electrogens and nonelectrogens, biomass and living cells of the anode biofilm. The external resistance mainly affected the morphology structure and the proportion of living cells of the anode. This study demonstrated an effective way to improve the sensitivity of MFC sensors for low concentration BOM detection.     

Nitrated and parent PAHs in the surface water of Lake Taihu, China: Occurrence, distribution, source, and human health risk assessment

Nitrated polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (NPAHs) have toxic potentials that are higher than those of their corresponding parent polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and thus have received increasing attention in recent years. In this study, the occurrence, distribution, source, and human health risk assessment of 15 NPAHs and 16 PAHs were investigated in the surface water from 20 sampling sites of Lake Taihu during the dry, normal, and flood seasons of 2018. The ΣPAH concentrations ranged from 255 to 7298 ng/L and the ΣNPAH concentrations ranged from not-detected (ND) to 212 ng/L. Among the target analytes, 2-nitrofluorene (2-nFlu) was the predominant NPAH, with a detection frequency ranging from 85% to 90% and a maximum concentration of 56.2 ng/L. The three-ringed and four-ringed NPAHs and PAHs comprised the majority of the detected compounds. In terms of seasonal variation, the highest levels of the ΣNPAHs and ΣPAHs were in the dry season and flood season, respectively. Diagnostic ratio analysis indicated that the prime source of NPAHs was direct combustion, whereas in the case of PAHs the contribution was predominantly from a mixed pattern including pollution from unburned petroleum and petroleum combustion. The human health risk of NPAHs and PAHs was evaluated using a lifetime carcinogenic risk assessment model. The carcinogenic risk level of the targets ranged from 2.09 × 10^?7 to 5.75 × 10^?5 and some surface water samples posed a potential health risk.     

宇宙环境中的某些化学问题

本文讨论了宇宙环境中的化学概况,特别是宇航环境化学和宇航适应问题。     

中国煤矿火灾的防治

分析了中国煤矿历年火灾与安全技术工程的关系,火灾类别、发火部位、与频率的统计;介绍了煤矿内外因火灾防治方法的沿革与发展,包括注浆、阻化剂、均压防灭火,注氮情化防火,高泡、燃油惰气灭火等的实例与成效。