黄菖蒲和狭叶香蒲根系对氮磷的吸收动力学

采用改进的常规耗竭法,研究了黄菖蒲（Iris pseudacorus L.）和狭叶香蒲（Typha angustifolia L.）根系对NH₄⁺、NO₃^-和H₂PO₄^-的吸收特征及差异。结果表明,这2种植物根系对NH₄⁺、NO₃^-和H₂PO₄^-的吸收动力学特征均可采用Michaelis-Menten方程描述。2种植物根系对NH₄⁺、NO₃^-和H₂PO₄^-的亲和力（Km）和最大吸收速率（Vmax）有显著差异。吸收H₂PO₄^-时,黄菖蒲根系具有较高的Vmax值和较低的Km值,说明黄菖蒲具有嗜磷特性,并能够适应广范围浓度的H₂PO₄^-环境,适宜用于污染水体磷的去除;吸收NO₃^-时,狭叶香蒲根系具有较高的Vmax值和较低的Km值,表明狭叶香蒲可用于广范围浓度NO₃^-污染的水体修复;吸收NH₄⁺时,黄菖蒲根系具有较低的Vmax值和Km值,而狭叶香蒲根系具有较高的Vmax值和Km值,说明黄菖蒲适宜用于NH₄⁺污染较轻水体的修复,而在NH₄⁺污染较重水体中宜选用狭叶香蒲作为先锋植物。     

Distribution and temporal trend of polybrominated diphenyl ethers in one Shanghai municipal landfill, China

The scarcity of information on polybrominated diphenyl ethers’ (PBDEs) flow in landfill restricts the life cycle analysis of PBDEs. In this study, eight PBDE congeners (BDEs 28, 47, 99, 100, 153, 154, 183, and 209) in topsoil, vegetation leaves, leachate, and municipal aged refuse collected from Shanghai Laogang Municipal Landfill (SLML) were investigated. The present study revealed elevated PBDE concentrations in topsoil and proved PBDE leakage from SLML and vegetation uptake. BDE-209 was the predominant congener, and this could be due to massive usage of deca-BDE mixture in Shanghai. ΣPBDE concentrations in leachates treated by reed wetland and A²/O process fell in the low end of the worldwide range. ΣPBDE concentrations in aged refuse samples rose from under 50 ng/g dw in 1989 to the range of 5,150–5,718 ng/g dw in 2002. PBDE concentrations increase in aged refuse samples throughout the 1990s into the 2000s paralleled municipal solid waste output from 1991 to 2002 in Shanghai. Exponential increase in BDE-209 concentration in aged refuse suggested the increasing market demands for deca-BDE mixture after 1990 in China. Notably, the inventory of PBDEs in SLML was 28.7 MT, and the doubling time of BDE-209 in aged refuse was calculated to be 1.6 year. SLML can be considered as a source of PBDE and one main recipient of PBDE as well, receiving inputs predominantly from the PBDE-containing waste. Priority should be given to formulate regulation on PBDEs and sorting work before landfill disposal.     

Toxicological responses of earthworm (Eisenia fetida) exposed to metal-contaminated soils

The aim of this study was to evaluate the toxicological responses of earthworm (Eisenia fetida) induced by field-contaminated, metal-polluted soils. Biochemical responses and DNA damage of earthworm exposed to two multi-metal-contaminated soils in a steel industry park and a natural reference soil in Zijin Mountain for 2, 7, 14, and 28 days were studied. Results showed that three enzyme activities, including superoxide dismutase (SOD), acetylcholinesterase (AChE), and cellulase, in earthworm in metal-contaminated soils were significantly different from those of the reference soil. Cellulase and AChE were more sensitive than SOD to soil contamination. The Olive tail moment of the comet assay after 2-day exposure increased 56.5 and 552.0 % in two contaminated soils, respectively, compared to the reference soil. Our findings show that cellulase and DNA damage levels can be used as potential biomarkers for exposure of earthworm to metal-polluted soils.     

Selective removal of Cr(VI) from aqueous solution by adsorption on mangosteen peel

Mangosteen peel, rich in polyphenolic compounds, was used to prepare the adsorbent exhibiting highly selective adsorption for Cr(VI) over other metal ions such as Pb²⁺, Fe³⁺, Zn²⁺, Cd²⁺, and Cr³⁺ at the pH values of 1～4. The chemical modification method proposed by using calcium hydroxide is quite cost-effective and ecofriendly without using any toxic reagents or causing any secondary pollution. The adsorption isotherm results revealed that the adsorption of Cr(VI) on the gel fit well the Langmuir adsorption model, and the maximum adsorption capacity for Cr(VI) at pH levels 1, 2, 3, and 4 was evaluated to be 2.46, 2.44, 1.99, and 2.14 mol/kg, respectively. The adsorption mechanism for Cr(VI) on the saponified gel was verified to follow an esterifiaction reaction coupled with the reduction of Cr(VI) to Cr(III) in which H⁺ plays a role of promoter. Thus, modified mangosteen peel gel has the prominent selectivity and low cost for Cr(VI) removal.     

开发区土地集约利用评价——以辽宁炮台经济开发区为例

综合调查分析大连市炮台开发区土地集约利用现状,建立土地集约利用评价指标体系,利用特尔斐法确定指标权重,进而计算土地集约利用度,并分别从扩展潜力、结构潜力、强度潜力、管理潜力四个方面计算土地集约利用强度。综合分析土地集约利用度与土地集约利用潜力强度计算结果表明,炮台开发区土地集约度分值达到86．16％,土地集约利用水平较高,土地利用强度潜力较小。未来土地利用潜力主要为扩展潜力,不存在管理潜力,从而对炮台开发区未来发展土地集约利用提出相应建议与措施。     

基于宜居视角的居住城市化水平测度——以大连市为例

从宜居的视角出发,结合大连市发展现状建立居住城市化水平测度指标体系,利用模糊层次分析法（AHP）确定指标权重,计算居住城市化水平测度综合指数。通过整理样本社区测度综合指数的数据,建立指标数据库,利用地理信息系统软件MapInfo 10进行格网赋值,构建基于空间插值法的居住城市化水平测度模型,绘制大连居住城市化水平测度专题图,直观展现大连市居住城市化水平发展的时空变化特征。结果表明,1995—2010年大连市居住城市化发展呈现出由整体发展水平低、内部差异小到发展速度提高、地域发展不均衡,再到发展速度减慢,日趋平衡,最后实现发展速度再次提高、均衡发展、差异减小的阶段特征。     

表土剥离对土地整治项目收益的影响研究

为了揭示表土剥离对土地整治项目收益的不同影响,作者采用采样分析、调查问卷、地统计分析、空间分析等方法对这种影响进行了分析。研究表明,表土剥离是土地整治工程必不可少的一步。通过土壤质量空间分布和作物投入一产出值比较分析,土地整治可有敬减少农业生产成本,而表土剥离可最大限度地保护土壤表层,通过追肥和田间管理,在2—3年时间可基本恢复耕地肥力。     

Historical reconstruction of atmospheric lead pollution in central Yunnan province, southwest China: an analysis based on lacustrine sedimentary records

Atmospheric lead (Pb) pollution during the last century in central Yunnan province, one of the largest non-ferrous metal production centers in China, was reconstructed using sediment cores collected from Fuxian and Qingshui Lakes. Lead concentrations and isotopic ratios (²⁰⁷Pb/²⁰⁶Pb and ²⁰⁸Pb/²⁰⁶Pb) were measured in sediment cores from both lakes. The operationally defined chemical fractions of Pb in sediment core from Fuxian Lake were determined by the optimized BCR procedure. The chronology of the cores was reconstructed using ²¹⁰Pb and ¹³⁷Cs dating methods. Similar three-phase variations in isotopic ratios and enrichment factors of Pb were observed in the sediment cores from both lakes. Before the 1950s, the sediment data showed low ²⁰⁷Pb/²⁰⁶Pb and ²⁰⁸Pb/²⁰⁶Pb ratios and enrichment factors (EFs?=?~1), indicating that the sedimentary Pb was predominantly of lithogenic origin. However, these indices were increased gradually between the 1950s and the mid-1980s, implying an atmospheric Pb deposition. The EFs and isotopic ratios of Pb reached their peak during recent years, indicating aggravating atmospheric Pb pollution. The average anthropogenic Pb fluxes since the mid-1980s were estimated to be 0.032 and 0.053 g m^?2 year^?1 recorded in Fuxian and Qingshui cores, respectively. The anthropogenic Pb was primarily concentrated in the reducible fraction. Combining the results of Pb isotopic compositions and chemical speciations in the sediment cores and in potential sources, we deduced that recent aggravating atmospheric Pb pollution in central Yunnan province should primarily be attributed to regional emissions from non-ferrous metal production industries.     

基于OSHMS的煤矿模糊综合安全评价管理模型的建立

针对目前我国煤矿企业安全管理现状,以一种全新的思路结合职业安全健康管理体系(OSHMS)的系统化体系结构及其先进之处,以预防为主,持续改进为动力,建立了基于生产过程的绩效测量、人员职责分配、运行控制和风险管理为核心的4个主要因素的安全评价管理模型;并以此为指导建立安全评价指标体系框架,运用模糊综合安全评价的方法对指标体系进行合成;最后,结合矿井生产过程中的供电系统,对淮南潘三矿现场进行实例应用,证明其可行性。该管理模型对煤矿企业安全管理有推广和借鉴意义,可望为煤矿企业通过安全管理实现科技兴安提供一种更可靠,更有效的安全管理方法。     

基于AHP的密闭环境空气质量评价模型及其应用

针对指数法在评价密闭环境空气质量中存在评价因素单一,不能反映多种污染物对空气环境质量的综合影响等缺点,结合模糊数学的原理与方法,对密闭环境空气质量进行评价。采用层次分析法赋权,按最大隶属原则,通过模糊数学模型对某密闭环境空气质量进行综合评价,评价结果较科学地反映了空气质量的真实状况。