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341.
Kang CM Koutrakis P Suh HH 《Journal of the Air & Waste Management Association (1995)》2010,60(11):1327-1334
Hourly concentrations of ambient fine particle sulfate and carbonaceous aerosols (elemental carbon [EC], organic carbon [OC], and black carbon [BC]) were measured at the Harvard-U.S. Environmental Protection Agency Supersite in Boston, MA, between January 2007 and October 2008. These hourly concentrations were compared with those made using integrated filter-based measurements over 6-day or 24-hr periods. For sulfate, the two measurement methods showed good agreement. Semicontinuous measurements of EC and OC also agreed (but not as well as for sulfate) with those obtained using 24-hr integrated filter-based and optical BC reference methods. During the study period, 24-hr PM2.5 (particulate matter [PM] < or = 2.5 microm in aerodynamic diameter) concentrations ranged from 1.4 to 37.6 microg/m3, with an average of 9.3 microg/m3. Sulfate as the equivalent of ammonium sulfate accounted for 39.1% of the PM2.5 mass, whereas EC and OC accounted for 4.2 and 35.2%, respectively. Hourly sulfate concentrations showed no distinct diurnal pattern, whereas hourly EC and BC concentrations peaked during the morning rush hour between 7:00 and 9:00 a.m. OC concentrations also exhibited nonpronounced, small peaks during the day, most likely related to traffic, secondary organic aerosol, and local sources, respectively. 相似文献
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343.
One of the chemical breakdown products of nonylphenol ethoxylates, 4-nonylphenol (4-NP), accumulates in organisms and is of concern as an environmental pollutant due to its endocrine disrupting effects. We measured 4-NP levels in the seawater, sediment, and twelve organisms within the California estuary, Morro Bay, and examined biomagnification of 4-NP using stable isotope abundances (δ15N and δ13C) to quantify trophic position. 4-NP concentrations in organisms from Morro Bay included 25000 ± 8600 ng g−1 lw in liver of California sea lion, 14000 ± 5600 ng g−1 lw in liver of harbor porpoise, 138000 ± 55000 ng g−1 lw in liver of sea otters, 15700 ± 3600 ng g−1 lw in liver of seabirds, 36100 ± 6100 ng g−1 lw in arrow goby fish, 62800 ± 28400 ng g−1 lw in oysters, and 12700 ± 1300 ng g−1 lw in mussels. 4-NP levels generally showed a pattern of trophic dilution among organisms in Morro Bay, with exceptions of biomagnification observed between three trophic links: mussel to sea otter (BMF 10.9), oyster to sea otter (BMF 2.2), and arrow goby to staghorn sculpin (BMF 2.7). Our examination of other west coast estuaries of USA and Canada revealed that mean 4-NP concentrations in gobies and mussels from Morro Bay were significantly higher than those from a more urbanized estuary, San Francisco Bay (goby: 11100 ± 3800 ng g−1 lw) and from a remote estuary, Bamfield Inlet, Canada (goby: 9000 ± 900 ng g−1 lw, mussel: 6100 ± 700 ng g−1 lw). Relative to other estuaries worldwide, 4-NP levels in seawater (0.42 ± 0.16 μg L−1) and sediment (53 ± 14 ng g−1 dw) of Morro Bay are low, but gobies and oysters have higher 4-NP levels than comparable fauna. 相似文献
344.
以处理生活污水的平板膜-生物反应器为依托,通过将进水调配成30、200和500 mg/L 3种不同的钙离子浓度,考察钙离子对短期膜污染的影响。结果表明,随着钙离子浓度的增加,TMP增长趋势变小,膜污染得到缓解;钙离子浓度为200 mg/L时,膜的渗透性最好,而过高的钙离子浓度并不利于降低膜污染。钙离子的投加强化了生物絮凝作用,可以降低SMP和LB-EPS的含量,主要通过降低外部阻力减缓膜污染;投加钙离子也可以增加絮体的大小,较大的絮体形成的泥饼有更好的过滤性,然而过高的钙离子浓度会使无机颗粒的量增加,造成平均粒径下降,将会加重内部污染,进而加剧膜污染。 相似文献
345.
The presence of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and furan (PCDD/Fs) and brominated flame retardants (BFRs) in sludge generated at municipal wastewater treatment plants (MWTPs) and industrial wastewater treatment plants (IWTPs) was investigated. The concentrations of these pollutants were in the following ranges: 5.38-7947 ng kg−1 dw (0.02-49.9 ng WHO-TEQ kg−1 dw) for 17 PCDD/Fs, 17.5-66 761 μg kg−1 dw for 27 polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), 1.55-29 604 μg kg−1 dw for hexabromocyclododecanes (HBCDs) (α-, β-, and γ-diastereomers), and 4.01-618 μg kg−1 dw for tetrabromobisphenol A (TBBPA). Generally, the levels of each compound in the sewage-sludge samples were higher than those in the industrial-sludge samples with some exceptions. The characteristic distribution profiles of target compounds were observed for different types of sludge and different sources of wastewater. High-chlorinated PCDD/Fs were dominant in all samples except those from the textile industry. The distribution of the BFRs in industrial-sludge samples varied, whereas that of the BFRs in sewage-sludge samples was consistent. The proportion of penta-BDEs in sewage sludge was higher than that in industrial sludge, even though BDE-209 was the most dominant congener in all the samples. For HBCDs, the distribution of diastereomers (α-, β-, and γ-HBCD) was similar across sludge samples that had the same source of wastewater and treatment processes. 相似文献
346.
基于IPAT等式的甘肃省用水影响因素分析 总被引:4,自引:0,他引:4
王康 《中国人口.资源与环境》2011,21(6)
将经典的IPAT等式扩展为包含人口、富裕程度、用水强度和产业结构4种影响因素的用水分析等式;并利用结构分解模型,将4种影响因素对总用水量变化的贡献分解开,得到不同因素对用水变化的影响.利用模型对1999-2008年甘肃省用水状况进行了实证分析,结果表明:富裕程度对用水量的增加效应最大,最高为2003-2004年(21.07×108m3);而人口变化对用水量的增加效应相对较小,均小于1×108m3;尽管用水效率的提高和产业结构的变化都减少用水量,但产业结构变化对用水量变化的贡献比用水效率的贡献小;此外,单纯地提高用水效率或调整产业结构,并不能保证在环境约束下实现社会经济的发展.因此,随着人口和经济规模的不断扩大,为了满足人民群众不断增长的需求,不仅要从提高用水效率、调整产业结构出发,实现水资源的高效优化配置;更重要的是调整发展思路,摆正人和自然的位置,才能真正实现人和自然的和谐发展. 相似文献
347.
中草药复合诱食剂对锦鲤的生长影响 总被引:4,自引:0,他引:4
选用80尾初始体长4.7cm左右、体色均一健康的锦鲤,随机分为4个组。其中,Ⅰ为对照组,饲喂基础饲料;Ⅱ、Ⅲ、Ⅳ为实验组,分别在基础饲料中添加100mL/kg、150mL/kg、200mL/kg的中草药复方。研究一副中草药复方对锦鲤诱食活性的影响,记录试验数据,并用Excel和SPSS软件进行分析。饲喂15d的结果表明,本实验所用该副中草药复方对锦鲤具有诱食反应。其中,Ⅱ组P=0.0010〈0.05、Ⅲ组P=0.0042〈0.05、Ⅳ组P=0.016〈0.05,说明其诱食效果有显著意义。不同浓度的中草药复方对锦鲤生长效果的影响差异很大,其中Ⅲ对锦鲤有显著的促生长作用。与对照组相比,增重率提高了23.090%,饵料系数降低了0.459。 相似文献
348.
Shao D Liang P Kang Y Wang H Cheng Z Wu S Shi J Lo SC Wang W Wong MH 《Chemosphere》2011,83(4):443-448
This study investigated total mercury (THg) and methylmercury (MeHg) concentrations in five species of freshwater fish and their associated fish pond sediments collected from 18 freshwater fish ponds around the Pearl River Delta (PRD). The concentrations of THg and MeHg in fish pond surface sediments were 33.1-386 ng g(-1) dry wt and 0.18-1.25 ng g(-1) dry wt, respectively. The age of ponds affected the surface sediment MeHg concentration. The vertical distribution of MeHg in sediment cores showed that MeHg concentrations decreased with increasing depth in the top 10 cm. In addition, a significant correlation was observed between %MeHg and DNA from Desulfovibrionacaea or Desulfobulbus (p<0.05) in sediment cores. Concentrations of THg and MeHg in fish muscles ranged from 7.43-76.7 to 5.93-76.1 ng g(-1) wet wt, respectively, with significant linear relationships (r=0.97, p<0.01, n=122) observed between THg and MeHg levels in fish. A significant correlation between THg concentrations in fish (herbivorous: r=0.71, p<0.05, n=7; carnivorous: r=0.77, p<0.05, n=11) and corresponding sediments was also obtained. Risk assessment indicated that the consumption of largemouth bass and mandarin fish would result in higher estimated daily intakes (EDIs) of MeHg than reference dose (RfD) for both adults and children. 相似文献
349.
350.