Investigation of the removal mechanism of Cr(VI) in groundwater using activated carbon and cast iron combined system

Zero-valent iron (Fe⁰) has been widely used for Cr(VI) removal; however, the removal mechanisms of Cr(VI) from aqueous solution under complex hydrogeochemical conditions were poorly understood. In this research, the mixed materials containing cast iron and activated carbon were packed in columns for the treatment of aqueous Cr(VI)-Cr(III) in groundwater with high concentration of Ca²⁺, Mg²⁺, HCO₃ ⁻, NO₃ ⁻, and SO₄ ²⁻. We investigate the influences of those ions on Cr(VI) removal, especially emphasizing on the reaction mechanisms and associated precipitations which may lead to porosity loss by using X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) techniques. The results show that the precipitations accumulated on the material surface were (Fe/Cr) (oxy)hydroxide, mixed Fe(III)-Cr(III) (oxy)hydroxides, Fe₂O₃, CaCO₃, and MgCO₃. During these reactions, the Cr(VI) was reduced to Cr(III) coupled with the oxidated Fe⁰ to Fe(II) through the galvanic corrosion formed by the Fe⁰-C and/or the direct electron transfer between Fe⁰ and Cr(VI). In addition, Cr(VI) could be reduced by aqueous Fe(II), which dominated the whole removal efficiency. The primary aqueous Cr(III) was completely removed together with Cr(III) reduced from Cr(VI) even when Cr(VI) was detected in the effluent, which meant that the aqueous Cr(III) could occupy the adsorption sites. In general, the combined system was useful for the Cr(VI)-Cr(III) treatment based on galvanic corrosion, and the hardness ions had a negative effect on Cr(VI) removal by forming the carbonates which might promote the passivation of materials and decrease the removal capacity of the system.

     

Light absorption by water-soluble organic carbon in atmospheric fine particles in the central Tibetan Plateau

Environmental Science and Pollution Research - Brown carbon (BrC) has recently received much attention because of its light absorption features. The chemical compositions, optical properties, and...     

Changes of Soil Enzyme Activities By Simulated Acid and Nitrogen Deposition

Effects of acid and nitrogen depositions on soil microbial activities were studied in a laboratory-based experiment. Five treatments were added to forest soil for five weeks, and soil enzyme activities were determined along with chemical properties. There was little change in pH and nitrogen availability. Dehydrogenase, phosphatase and arylsulphatase activities were decreased by all the acidic treatments compared to the control, while urease activity was increased by the pH 4 treatment. at the same pH treatment, different nitric acid contents induced different urease activities. the results suggest that acid deposition would inhibit microbial activities and that more study is needed to elucidate the impact on nitrogen cycling in forests.     

N1923络合萃取丙酸的研究

分别以模拟和实际丙酸发酵废水体系为研究对象,采用络合萃取法回收稀溶液中的丙酸,结果表明,对含2%丙酸的水溶液,以45%(体积比)的N1923为萃取剂,以煤油和正辛醇为稀释剂进行萃取,在油水相比1∶4的情况下,单级萃取率可达97%.对实际发酵废水中丙酸的萃取,在二级错流萃取的情况下,也能达到同样的分离效果.有机溶剂循环使用实验表明,经过10次重复利用后其萃取能力基本不变.     

腾发覆盖技术控制垃圾填埋场渗沥液污染试验研究

腾发覆盖系统利用覆盖层土壤储存降雨,并利用土壤蒸发和植物蒸腾作用增大覆盖层水分耗散,达到控制渗沥液产生的目的。文章进行了6组不同腾发覆盖组合条件下的渗沥液控制效果试验。结果表明:植物在调节和控制覆盖层水分动态中起重要作用,植物覆盖率的增加和土壤水分消减程度表现出明显的关系,植物生长情况下的土壤水分耗散速度是无植物覆盖情况下的1.5倍;植物生长和无植物生长情况下60cm覆盖层厚度实际水库容积分别为97.2mm和62.8mm;无植物生长情况下深层渗沥量达到降雨量的27%,而植物覆盖情况下渗沥液量仅为降雨量的3.5%～7.2%。     

高放射性核废料辐射对深地质处置环境和储罐材料危害的研究进展

介绍了高放核废料的主要放射性衰变以及用来实验的辐射设备,分别论述了辐射对于金属储罐近域介质（地下水、膨润土及混凝土缓冲回填材料）的影响以及对储罐材料腐蚀的影响。虽然核废料的辐射性对于缓冲回填材料影响不大,但是地下水发生辐射分解使得储罐近域环境变为氧化环境,同时储罐材料受到辐射影响电化学状态也会发生改变。最后指出了当前研究存在的问题及未来重点研究方向。     

矿井水源判别的GA-SVM模型研究

作为水在岩体中流动通道的渗透结构面,微观上表现出不连续性和高度的非线性等特点,因此,矿井充水水源具有不确定性、非线性。传统水化学判别分析方法往往难以准确地描述这种复杂的非线性特征,因而对矿井水源进行准确判别尚存在一定的困难。在传统SVM(Support Vector Machine,SVM)的基础上,利用遗传算法(Genetic Algorithm,GA)对传统SVM进行优化,克服了传统SVM模型参数选取经验化的弊端,并利用该方法对开磷集团马路坪矿几种水源的6个化学样本进行训练,建立了GA-SVM模型。实例分析表明,该模型判别结果与实际情况相符合,表明该模型在矿井水源判别中具有良好的实用性和有效性。     

苏州市气溶胶消光特性及其对灰霾特征的影响

为研究气溶胶消光特性对城市灰霾特征及形成的影响机制,采用2010年1月─2013年12月4 a的苏州市逐时散射系数、能见度、颗粒物质量浓度以及风速、风向、气温、气压、相对湿度等数据,对该市气溶胶散射系数、消光特性及影响因子进行了研究. 结果表明:苏州市气溶胶散射系数为(301.1±251.3)Mm-1,日变化呈双峰型,早高峰出现在07:00─08:00,晚高峰出现在20:00─21:00;其年内变化呈夏季低、冬季高. 气溶胶散射系数与ρ(PM_2.5)的相关系数为0.77,高于与ρ(PM₁)和ρ(PM₁₀)的相关性,PM_2.5散射效率为6.08 m2/g. 气溶胶散射系数受风速、风向等气象要素的影响:风速<4 m/s时,气溶胶散射系数下降迅速;风速在4～6 m/s时,气溶胶散射系数随风速下降缓慢. 苏州市气溶胶单次散射反照率平均值为0.84,散射消光比平均值为0.79,说明该地区气溶胶消光以散射性气溶胶为主. 气溶胶散射消光、气溶胶吸收消光、空气分子散射消光、NO₂吸收消光分别占大气消光的82.33%、13.63%、2.72%和1.32%. 研究表明,对气溶胶散射消光贡献最大的非吸收性PM_2.5是苏州市能见度下降、灰霾增加的最重要原因.      

Carbonaceous matter in glacier at the headwaters of the Yangtze River: Concentration, sources and fractionation during the melting process

Carbonaceous matter has an important impact on glacial retreat in the Tibetan Plateau, further affecting the water resource supply. However, the related studies on carbonaceous matter are still scarce in Geladaindong (GLDD) region, the source of the Yangtze River. Therefore, the concentration, source and variations of carbonaceous matter at Ganglongjiama (GLJM) glacier in GLDD region were investigated during the melting period in 2017, which could deepen our understanding on carbonaceous matter contribution to glacier melting. The results showed that dissolved organic carbon (DOC) concentration of snowpit samples (283?±?200?μg/L) was much lower than that of precipitation samples (624?±?361?μg/L), indicating that large parts of DOC could be rapidly leached from the snowpit during the melting process. In contrast, refractory black carbon (rBC) concentration measured by Single Particle Soot Photometer of snowpit samples (4.27?±?3.15?μg/L) was much higher than that of precipitation samples (0.97?±?0.49?μg/L). Similarly, DOC with high mass absorption cross-section measured at 365?nm value was also likely to enrich in snowpit during the melting process. In addition, it was found that both rBC and DOC with high light-absorbing ability began to leach from the snowpit when melting process became stronger. Therefore, rBC and DOC with high light-absorbing ability exhibited similar behavior during the melting process. Based on relationship among DOC, rBC and K⁺ in precipitation, the main source of carbonaceous matter in GLJM glacier was biomass burning during the study period.     

黄土丘陵区林草退耕年限对土壤团聚体特征的影响

随着国家退耕还林还草战略的实施、植被覆盖的变化,林、草地植被恢复进程中土壤团聚体特征的变化受到广泛关注.本研究以黄土丘陵区西部的官山林场退耕后栽植的刺槐林地、撂荒草地为对象,选取退耕年限为10、25 a的林、草地,采用湿筛法测定各样地0~30 cm土壤的水稳性团聚体组成,比较退耕还林、还草和退耕年限(10、25 a)对土壤水稳性团聚体平均质量直径(MWD)和分形维数(D)的影响.结果表明:退耕10 a的林地0~30 cm土层水稳性大团聚体含量(R0.25)、MWD和D分别为57.60%、1.91 mm和2.73;退耕25 a的林地分别为60.17%、1.88 mm和2.74;退耕10 a的草地分别为59.89%、1.82 mm和2.74;退耕25 a的草地分别为72.69%、2.71 mm和2.61.进一步分析证明,随着退耕年限的增加,土壤团聚性增强;但林草地的变化存在差异:恢复10 a阶段,土壤团聚性林地尚优于草地,25 a后草地优于林地.各样地土壤的SOC含量与R0.25呈显著正相关关系(p0.01),与D呈显著负相关关系(p0.05).退耕类型和退耕年限对土壤团聚性有显著影响.