可持续发展的理论与宏观调控模式

从可持续发展观和可持续发展战略出发,分析了传统发展观和发展模式的特点及其主要弊端;进而根据有关国际性文件中的可持续发展概念,给出了中国人易于理解的描述及其基本内涵,强调了人与自然和谐、发展与资源环境相协调是可持续发展的核心,并结合实例阐明了协同学理论是可持续发展的基本理论依据;在分析发展与资源环境相协调的基础条件之后,重点论述了它们之间的协调机制,提出了可持续发展的宏观调控模式。      

The ionic compositions of fine and coarse particle fractions in the two urban areas of Korea

The ionic composition of PM2.5 and PM10 was investigated using PM samples collected from Seoul and Busan during the winter of 2002. Based on the measurement data, we attempted to investigate the relative roles of different source processes in the composition of airborne particles at the two distinct urban areas. According to our measurements, the major components of both PM fractions were clearly distinguished from each other at the two different sites. It was found that the ionic concentrations in coarse fractions were generally compatible with each other at the two sites (NH(4)(+), NO(3)(-), NSSS, etc.). However, differences in their concentration levels were significant in the fine fractions and their mass concentration levels in Seoul exhibit threefold enhancement relative to Busan. The results further indicated that anthropogenic signatures were generally more evident in the fine rather than coarse fractions at both sites. However, a comparison of the coarse fraction data indicated the dominance of natural (oceanic) processes at the Busan site and conservative relationships among the different ionic components. The results of the back trajectory analysis confirmed that air mass movement patterns influence the ionic compositions of PM across different particle fractions and between different study sites.     

珠江澳门河口沉积物柱样中有机氯农药的垂直分布特征

以GC/ECD内标法定量测定了沉积物柱样品中有机氯农药含量 ,以便探讨柱样中有机氯农药的垂直变化特征及可能的来源 .样品采自珠江澳门河口 ,柱样以2 10 Pb同位素法定年 .定量测定结果表明以BHCs、DDTs总量计算时 ,样品中含量分别为 0 4 8～ 2 6 2 8ng/ g、1 92～ 39 1 3ng/ g .柱样中农药含量随深度变化和珠江口区的水域水流量随年份的变化有着很好的对应性 .有机氯农药主要是来源于施用农药长期风化后的土壤 .样品中DDTs的浓度超过了河口沉积物化学品风险评价最低值标准 .     

果园地面覆盖管理的生态经济效益分析

分析了果园地面覆盖管理的生态和经济效益，并对果园地面管理方式在果树产量、质量、营养、病虫害和土壤有机质、肥力、水分、侵蚀以及生态环境上的影响进行了赋分综合评价。评价的有利效应顺序是：有机物覆盖〉间作〉生草带状覆盖〉生草覆盖〉除草剂除草〉翻耕。据此，针对我国生态环境、人口、经济状况，提出了在山区的经济林果园内应推广应用秸杆地面覆盖技术，对于减少水土流失，提高果树产量具有显著的生态和经济效益。     

Characteristics and formation mechanism of regional haze episodes in the Pearl River Delta of China

To investigate the characteristics and the specific mechanism of continuous haze,comprehensive measurements were conducted from 15 October to 19 November in the Atmospheric Environment Monitoring Super-Station in Heshan of Guangdong province.Five haze episodes occurred in October and November 2014 in the Pearl River Delta(PRD)region. The meteorological parameters, gas data, chemical compositions, and optical parameters of the aerosols were obtained. Among these events, the second haze episode,with the highest concentration of PM2.5 of 187.51 μg/m~3, was the most severe. NO~3-was always higher than SO_4~(2-), which indicated that motor vehicles played an important role in the haze, even though the oxidation rate from SO_2 to SO_4~(2-)was faster than that of NOXto NO_3~-. The difference between the hourly averages of Na+and K+during the haze episode and clean days was small, implying that straw combustion and sea salt had no significant effect on the occurrence of haze, and the backward trajectories of the air masses also conformed with this result. The air pollutants were difficult to disperse because of the significant decrease in the planetary boundary layer(PBL) height. Relative humidity played a crucial role in the formation of haze by leading to hygroscopic growth of the diameter of aerosols.     

Chemical characteristics and source apportionment of PM2.5 between heavily polluted days and other days in Zhengzhou, China

PM_(2.5) samples were collected in Zhengzhou during 3 years of observation, and chemical characteristics and source contribution were analyzed. Approximately 96% of the daily PM_(2.5) concentrations and annual average values exceeded the Chinese National Ambient Air Quality Daily and Annual Standards, indicating serious PM_(2.5) pollution. The average concentration of water-soluble inorganic ions was 2.4 times higher in heavily polluted days(daily PM32.5 concentrations 250 μg/mand visibility 3 km) than that in other days, with sulfate, nitrate, and ammonium as major ions. According to the ratio of NO-3/SO2-4,stationary sources are still the dominant source of PM_(2.5) and vehicle emission could not be ignored. The ratio of secondary organic carbon to organic carbon indicated that photochemical reactivity in heavily polluted days was more intense than in other days.Crustal elements were the most abundant elements, accounting for more than 60% of 23 elements. Chemical Mass Balance results indicated that the contributions of major sources(i.e., nitrate, sulfate, biomass, carbon and refractory material, coal combustion, soil dust,vehicle, and industry) of PM_(2.5) were 13%, 16%, 12%, 2%, 14%, 8%, 7%, and 8% in heavily polluted days and 20%, 18%, 9%, 2%, 27%, 14%, 15%, and 9% in other days, respectively.Extensive combustion activities were the main sources of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons during the episode(Jan 1-9, 2015) and the total benzo[a]pyrene equivalency concentrations in heavily polluted days present significant health threat. Because of the effect of regional transport, the pollution level of PM_(2.5) in the study area was aggravated.     

水环境中苯丙胺类物质的快速前处理方法

在国内外研究的基础上,应用固相萃取技术,建立并优化了适用于野外条件的3种常见精神活性物质（甲基苯丙胺、苯丙胺和麻黄碱）的快速前处理方法.比较了污水快速前处理条件（样品pH值和上样流速）对目标物回收率的影响.结果表明,在本文测试条件下,理想的快速前处理参数为使用Oasis HLB柱,在碱性条件、流速为20mL/min的情况下加载样品.与传统方法相比,快速前处理方法所得的目标物浓度稍有降低,但仍很好地反映了生活污水中的目标物浓度水平和变化特征.北京、广东两地的野外验证结果显示,该方法对南北两地生活污水和地表水样品的处理效果都比较稳定.     

改变碳输入对新疆天山雪岭云杉林土壤呼吸的短期影响

探究外源性碳输入改变对森林土壤呼吸的影响是深入解析森林碳循环的基础.本研究基于植物残体添加和去除控制实验,设置5种不同碳输入(对照组、双倍凋落物组、去根组、去凋落物组和去根去凋落物组)处理,研究了天山雪岭云杉林(Picea Schrenkiana)生长季土壤呼吸对碳输入改变的短期响应.结果表明,整个实验期间对照、双倍凋落物、去根、去凋和去根去凋处理土壤呼吸速率均值分别为3.38、 3.94、 2.65、 2.87和2.01μmol·(m~2·s)~(-1);与对照处理相比,双倍凋落物处理使累计土壤呼吸通量增加402.65 g·m~(-2),去根、去凋和去根去凋处理分别减少了515.00、 354.73和967.15 g·m~(-2),减少幅度为去根去凋去根去凋.整个实验期间相对于对照组,双倍凋落物处理下土壤呼吸速率平均增加20.35%,去凋、去根、去根去凋处理下土壤呼吸速率分别平均降低14.40%、 20.78%和40.83%.土壤矿质呼吸、凋落物呼吸和根系呼吸对土壤总呼吸的相对贡献率由大至小依次为:土壤矿质呼吸(59.46%)根系呼吸(21.49%)凋落物呼吸(14.79%).由主成分分析可知,土壤呼吸速率的变化与土壤温度、土壤湿度、全磷、pH值、土壤有机碳正相关,与土壤容重负相关,而全氮、碳氮比和土壤电导率对土壤呼吸速率影响不大.     

硫酸盐还原菌对杀菌剂的敏感性研究

江汉油田硫酸盐还原菌(SRB)引起的金属管壁腐蚀和油层堵塞问题一直没有得到彻底解决。不同种群的SRB对同种杀菌剂的敏感程度是不同的。游离SRB和固着型SRB对几种常用杀茵剂的敏感性实验结果表明:除了ME以外,其余几种杀菌剂杀灭培养液中SRB的能力和杀灭固着型SRB的能力由大到小的排序是:BQ-3,WE,BQ-2,BQ-1,1227,BH。ME杀灭培养液中SRB的能力好于前六种杀菌剂,但是其杀灭固着型SRB的能力低于BQ-1。使用同种杀菌剂时,固着型SRB比游离型SRB的杀死难度更大。