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61.
Andy M. Reynolds Patrick Schultheiss Ken Cheng 《Behavioral ecology and sociobiology》2013,67(8):1219-1226
Honeybees (Apis mellifera) are regularly faced with the task of navigating back to their hives from remote food sources. They have evolved several methods to do this, including compass-directed “vector” flights and the use of landmarks. If these hive-centered mechanisms are disrupted, bees revert to searching for the hive, using an optimal Lévy flight searching strategy. The same strategy is adopted when a food source at a known location ceases to be available. Here, we show that the programming for this Lévy strategy does not need to be very sophisticated or clever on the bee’s part, as Lévy flight patterns can be derived from the Weber–Fechner law in a bee’s odometer. Odometry errors of a different kind occur in desert ants (Cataglyphis spp., Melophorus bagoti). The searching behaviors of these ants are very similar in overall structure to that of honeybees but do not display any Lévy flight characteristics. We suggest that errors in the estimation of distance can be implicitly involved in shaping the structure of systematic search behavior and should not be regarded as merely deficiencies in the odometer. 相似文献
62.
Meftah Abuswer Paul Amyotte Faisal Khan Luke Morrison 《Journal of Loss Prevention in the Process Industries》2013,26(6):1530-1541
The current research provides guidance on the prevention and mitigation of dust explosion using a Quantitative Risk Management Framework (QRMF). Using concepts drawn from previous studies, the framework consists of three main steps: (i) a new combined safety management protocol, (ii) the use of DESC (Dust Explosion Simulation Code) and FTA (Fault Tree Analysis) to assess explosion consequences and likelihood, respectively, and (iii) application of the hierarchy of controls (inherent, engineered and procedural safety). QRMF assessment of an industrial case study showed that the original process was at high risk. DESC simulations and Probit equations determined the destructive percentages. FTAs revealed high probabilities of explosion occurrence; in addition, detailed individual and societal risks calculations were made, before and after the framework was applied. Based on the hierarchy of controls technique, the framework showed significant risk reduction to the point where the residual risk was acceptable for the process. 相似文献
63.
Ken M. Fritz Elisabeth Hagenbuch Ellen D'Amico Molly Reif Parker J. Wigington Jr. Scott G. Leibowitz Randy L. Comeleo Joseph L. Ebersole Tracie‐Lynn Nadeau 《Journal of the American Water Resources Association》2013,49(4):867-882
Supreme Court cases have questioned if jurisdiction under the Clean Water Act extends to water bodies such as streams without year‐round flow. Headwater streams are central to this issue because many periodically dry, and because little is known about their influence on navigable waters. An accurate account of the extent and flow permanence of headwater streams is critical to estimating downstream contributions. We compared the extent and permanence of headwater streams from two field surveys with values from databases and maps. The first used data from 29 headwater streams in nine U.S. forests, whereas the second had data from 178 headwater streams in Oregon. Synthetic networks developed from the nine‐forest survey indicated that 33 to 93% of the channel lacked year‐round flow. Seven of the nine forests were predicted to have >200% more channel length than portrayed in the high‐resolution National Hydrography Dataset (NHD). The NHD and topographic map classifications of permanence agreed with ~50% of the field determinations across ~300 headwater sites. Classification agreement with the field determinations generally increased with increasing resolution. However, the flow classification on soil maps only agreed with ~30% of the field determination despite depicting greater channel extent than other maps. Maps that include streams regardless of permanence and size will aid regulatory decisions and are fundamental to improving water quality monitoring and models. 相似文献
64.
Private domestic gardens contribute substantially to the biodiversity of urban areas and benefit human health and well-being.
We previously reported a study of 267 gardens across five cities in the United Kingdom in which variation in geographical
and climatic factors had little bearing on the richness, diversity and composition of plant species. We therefore hypothesise
that garden management is an important factor in determining garden characteristics. Here, from the same sample of gardens,
we investigate potential associations between the uses to which people put their gardens, the types of management activities
they undertake, and the characteristics of those gardens. Householders (n = 265) completed a questionnaire detailing various aspects of garden use and management activities. The majority of respondents
used their gardens chiefly for relaxation, recreation, and eating. Fewer than one fifth included “gardening” amongst their
garden uses even though all performed some garden management, suggesting that not all management activity resulted from an
interest in gardening. Garden-watering and lawn-mowing were the most prevalent activities and were predictors of other types
of management including weeding, vegetation-cutting, leaf-collection, and dead-heading flowers. A number of these activities
were associated with one another, the richness and composition of plant species, and the number of land uses in gardens. However,
relationships between management activities and the amount of tall vegetation were less consistent, and garden management
appeared to be independent of garden area. More species of amphibians, birds, and mammals were observed in gardens with ponds
and in which efforts were made to attract wildlife, particularly by providing drinking water. This study supports the hypothesis
that garden use and management is associated with garden characteristics. 相似文献
65.
66.
Delmar “Trey” Morrison Mark Fecke John Martens 《Journal of Loss Prevention in the Process Industries》2011,24(6):819-826
A major chemical company established a formal incident investigation and reporting system several years ago. The original system focused heavily on worker-related injuries, illnesses, and near-misses and was used primarily to track statistics reportable to the Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA). This Occupational Injury and Illness (OII) approach has been recognized to be an ineffective tool for measuring, predicting, and preventing process safety incidents. The Center for Chemical Process Safety (CCPS) recently published guidelines on how to establish safety metrics for the measurement and reduction of process safety incidents. The process safety metrics approach relies upon leading and lagging metrics to improve organization process safety. This paper is a case study of the analysis of one organization’s incident database, which represents approximately five years of data from over a dozen facilities. The aim of this investigation was to extract useful process safety metrics from the incident investigation and reporting system, which would be pertinent to the types of process units and process functions at these facilities. This paper will discuss the approach taken to extract process incident information from an OII-based database and present the difficulties of performing an analysis on such a database. This paper provides guidance on how to migrate an existing OII-based reporting system to a program that includes process safety metrics in accordance with industry best practices. 相似文献
67.
Chen Hao Tackie Evelyn Agba Ahakwa Isaac Musah Mohammed Salakpi Andrews Alfred Morrison Atingabili Samuel 《Environmental science and pollution research international》2022,29(25):37598-37616
Environmental Science and Pollution Research - This paper examined the nexus between economic growth, energy consumption, urbanization, population growth, and carbon emissions in the BRICS... 相似文献
68.
The "Measured Annual Nutrient loads from AGricultural Environments" (MANAGE) database was developed to be a readily accessible, easily queried database of site characteristic and field-scale nutrient export data. The original version of MANAGE, which drew heavily from an early 1980s compilation of nutrient export data, created an electronic database with nutrient load data and corresponding site characteristics from 40 studies on agricultural (cultivated and pasture/range) land uses. In the current update, N and P load data from 15 additional studies of agricultural runoff were included along with N and P concentration data for all 55 studies. The database now contains 1677 watershed years of data for various agricultural land uses (703 for pasture/rangeland; 333 for corn; 291 for various crop rotations; 177 for wheat/oats; and 4-33 yr for barley, citrus, vegetables, sorghum, soybeans, cotton, fallow, and peanuts). Across all land uses, annual runoff loads averaged 14.2 kg ha(-1) for total N and 2.2 kg ha(-1) for total P. On average, these losses represented 10 to 25% of applied fertilizer N and 4 to 9% of applied fertilizer P. Although such statistics produce interesting generalities across a wide range of land use, management, and climatic conditions, regional crop-specific analyses should be conducted to guide regulatory and programmatic decisions. With this update, MANAGE contains data from a vast majority of published peer-reviewed N and P export studies on homogeneous agricultural land uses in the USA under natural rainfall-runoff conditions and thus provides necessary data for modeling and decision-making related to agricultural runoff. The current version can be downloaded at http://www.ars.usda.gov/spa/manage-nutrient. 相似文献
69.
70.
Environmental and Ecological Statistics - 相似文献