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131.
Nguyen Thi Kim Oanh Prapat Pongkiatkul Nabin Upadhyay Phillip P. Hopke 《Atmospheric environment (Oxford, England : 1994)》2009,43(21):3334-3344
Particulate matter (PM) receptor modeling requires specific intensive input data that is always a challenge to produce cost effectively. A well-designed monitoring program is important to collect such PM ambient data in urban areas with diverse and densely distributed sources. This paper presents a general framework for designing such a monitoring program while emphasizing appropriate quality assurance and quality control elements that are particularly applicable where limited resources are available. Topics for discussion include selection of monitoring sites, sampling and analytical techniques, and the uncertainty estimation for ambient concentration input data. The design framework is illustrated by a case study of a monitoring program for PM source apportionment in the Bangkok Metropolitan Region in which 24-h fine and coarse PM samples were collected using two collocated dichotomous samplers. Comparison between black carbon measurements by Smoke Stain reflectometry and Thermal Optical Transmittance method is highlighted. 相似文献
132.
Room-temperature ionic liquids are regarded as environmentally benign alternatives to volatile organic solvents. However, the product designs for this promising group of compounds should take account, not only the technological needs, but also the eco-toxicological hazards. Therefore, this study aimed to evaluate the toxicity of some important ionic liquids on the growth of the freshwater alga, Selenastrum capricornutum. The ionic liquids examined in this study included 1-propyl-3-methylimidazolium [PMIM], 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium [BMIM], 1-hexyl-3-methylimidazolium [HMIM] and 1-octyl-3-methylimidazolium [OMIM] with a bromide anion. The susceptibility of alga to ionic liquids was strongly dependent on the alkyl-chain length. According to our results, a longer alkyl-chain resulted in stronger inhibition of algal growth. In general, the toxicity could be summarized as decreasing in the following order: [OMIM]>[HMIM]>[BMIM]>or=[PMIM]. Among the ionic liquids examined, [OMIM] [Br] was found to be most toxic to S. capricornutum, with EC(50) values ranging from 26.3 microM to 54.9 microM after an incubating time of 96 h. Although [BMIM] [Br] and [PMIM] [Br] was relatively less toxic than [OMIM] and [HMIM], their toxicity increased as increasing the incubation time from 48 h to 96 h. This fact indicates that these kinds of ionic liquids may become more toxic after being released and contacted to freshwater ecosystem. 相似文献
133.
Randi Eidsmo Reinertsen Hilde Faerevik Kristine Holb? Ragnhild Nesbakken Jarl Reitan Arne R?yset Maria Suong Le Thi 《International journal of occupational safety and ergonomics》2008,14(1):43-53
Phase-change materials (PCM) can be used to reduce thermal stress and improve thermal comfort for workers wearing protective clothing. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of PCM in protective clothing used in simulated work situations. We hypothesized that it would be possible to optimize cooling performance with a design that focuses on careful positioning of PCM, minimizing total insulation and facilitating moisture transport. Thermal stress and thermal comfort were estimated through measurement of body heat production, body temperatures, sweat production, relative humidity in clothing and subjective ratings of thermal comfort, thermal sensitivity and perception of wetness. Experiments were carried out using 2 types of PCM, the crystalline dehydrate of sodium sulphate and microcapsules in fabrics. The results of 1 field and 2 laboratory experimental series were conclusive in that reduced thermal stress and improved thermal comfort were related to the amount and distribution of PCM, reduced sweat production and adequate transport of moisture. 相似文献
134.
Thi Hanh Hoang Kyoung-Woong Kim My Hoa Nguyen 《Environmental pollution (Barking, Essex : 1987)》2010,158(8):2648-2658
A study of groundwater and sediment during 2007-2008 in the Mekong River delta in Vietnam (MDVN) revealed that 26%, 74%, and 50% of groundwater samples were above the US EPA drinking water guidelines for As (10 μg/L), Mn (0.05 mg/L), and Fe (0.3 mg/L). The range of As, Fe, and Mn concentrations in the MDVN were <0.1-1351 μg/L, <0.01-38 mg/L, and <0.01−14 mg/L, respectively. Elevated levels of As were found in groundwater at sampling sites close to the Mekong River and in wells less than 60−70 m deep. An inverse relationship was found between As and Mn concentrations in groundwater. Sediment samples from An Giang and Dong Thap had the highest As concentrations (18 mg/kg and 38 mg/kg, respectively). Arsenic sediment occurred mainly in the poorly crystalline Fe oxide phases. Reductive dissolution of the Fe oxide phase is not necessarily the dominant mechanism of As release to groundwater. 相似文献
135.
Jean Hugé Hai Le Trinh Pham Hoang Hai Jan Kuilman Luc Hens 《Environment, Development and Sustainability》2010,12(4):561-571
The Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) is one of the flexible instruments of the Kyoto Protocol designed to combat climate
change so as to bring advantages to developing countries and developed countries alike. Indeed, CDM projects have a two-fold
objective: to offset greenhouse gas emissions and to contribute to sustainable development in the host country. However in
many cases, the latter objective appears to be marginalized. This is at least partly due to the difficulties surrounding the
definition and the measurement of sustainability, in particular in a developing country context. To assess CDM projects’ contribution
to sustainable development in the host country, scholars and practitioners need adapted indicator sets. A set of indicators
were developed by way of an iterative Delphi approach amongst selected Vietnamese experts. The Delphi approach allowed a systematic
collection of the experts’ judgements on the sustainability indicators through a set of sequentially applied questionnaires,
interspersed with feedback from earlier responses. This exercise resulted in the selection of a set of 36 indicators, which
emphasise economic efficiency, public health and pollution issues. The exercise yielded a locally supported and context-specific
set of sustainability indicators that will allow Vietnamese decision-makers to enhance the sustainability of the approved
CDM projects. In the future this set should be continually improved through real-life application and further participation
from local stakeholders. This study is a first step in a long-term process towards developing an adapted toolkit for sustainability
assessment of CDM projects in Vietnam. 相似文献
136.
The concentrations of total gaseous mercury (TGM) and its relevant environmental parameters were measured at a highly industrialized area in the Ban Wall industrial complex (BWIC) in An San city, Korea from March to May 2005. The mean concentrations of Hg measured during the entire study period were computed to be 6.32 ± 8.56 ng m−3 (range of 2.32–181 ng m−3; N = 1160). Due to the effects of strong man-made activities, the significantly high Hg concentration levels (e.g., at or above 10 ng m−3) comprised about 7.5% of all data with the mean of 21.8 ± 26.3 ng m−3 (N = 87). By separating the data into daytime and nighttime periods, the Hg values exhibited a notable daytime enhancement possibly due to strong man-made activities during working hours. The results of the correlation analysis indicated the possible relationship between the Hg concentration and the temperature as well as several pollutant species (e.g., NO2 and NOx). Evaluation of the Hg data in relation with the air mass transport pattern confirms that the Hg concentration levels in this industrial area are affected most eminently by local, rather than distant, pollution sources. 相似文献
137.
Kamran Hafiz Waqas Pantamee Abdurrahman Adamu Patwary Ataul Karim Ghauri Tauqir Ahmad Long Pham Dinh Nga Duong Quynh 《Environmental science and pollution research international》2021,28(9):10749-10762
Environmental Science and Pollution Research - The purpose of this research is to measure the combing impact of corporate social responsibility on company performance and to conduct a comparative... 相似文献
138.
Khanh Nguyen Duc Tien Nguyen Duy Trung-Dung Nghiem Anh-Tuan Le Tuyen Pham Huu 《Journal of the Air & Waste Management Association (1995)》2021,71(1):81-101
ABSTRACT Using the laboratory-based fuel consumption models for predicting real-world fuel consumption requires the measurement of data under certain conditions to obtain high accuracy of predicted result. Therefore, it is necessary to develop a logging device for measuring the real-time fuel consumption and speed of vehicle on the road. This article presents a study on developing the on-board data logging device to collect real-world data of fuel consumption and speed for motorcycles with the update rate of 1 Hz. The instantaneous speed of the motorcycle was determined based on the rotational speed of the wheel and the wheel radius. Another module was used to determine the instantaneous fuel consumption rate (FR) though measuring the duration injection pulse. The relationship between the duration injection pulse and the injected amount of fuel was established with high correlation coefficient of 0.997. In addition, a filter was designed to remove noise in the dataset collected using the data logging device. The random errors in the speed and the FR profiles were detected and replaced, the percentage of these errors is 1.8% and 2.4%, respectively. The developed method is a precise one for transient fuel consumption and speed measurement. In chassis dynamometer test, the average deviation between steady speed measured by the chassis and the data logging device is only approximately 0.35%. At transient state, the biggest deviation between these two datasets is less than 3.5%. The average FR at steady speed measured by the developed method is slightly different from the one measured by the carbon balance method. The difference is 0.9%, 2.5%, and 0.25% at the speeds of 30 km/h, 50 km/h, and 70 km/h, respectively. Following the transient test cycle, the fuel consumption measured by the developed method is 4.35% lower than that determined by the carbon balance method. Implications: A robust method for collecting and processing the on-road instantaneous data of fuel consumption and speed was developed for motorcycles. The proposed method can record well the real-world driving data for motorcycles, including the fuel consumption and speed, with the update rate of 1 Hz. The filter was designed to minimize noise while maintaining data integrity of the collected dataset, the percentage of errors in the the speed and the FR profiles is 1.8% and 2.4%, respectively. The proposed method, therefore, can be used as effective tools for future studies relating to the fuel consumption and emission of motorcycles on the road. 相似文献
139.
140.
Le Thi Hong Phuong Arjen Wals Le Thi Hoa Sen Nguyen Quoc Hoa Phan Van Lu Robbert Biesbroek 《Local Environment》2018,23(8):879-897
Social learning is crucial for local smallholder farmers in developing countries to improve their adaptive capacity and to adapt to the current and projected impacts of climate change. While it is widely acknowledged that social learning is a necessary condition for adaptation, few studies have systematically investigated under which conditions particular forms of social learning are most successful in improving adaptive capacity of the most vulnerable groups. This study aims to design, implement and evaluate a social learning configuration in a coastal community in Vietnam. We make use of various methods during four workshop-based interventions with local smallholder farmers: interviews with key farmers and commune leaders, farmer-to-farmer learning, participatory observations and focus group discussions. The methods for evaluation of social learning configuration include in-depth interviews, focus group discussions and structured survey interviews. Our findings show that the social learning configuration used in this study leads to an increased problem ownership, an enhanced knowledge-base with regard to climate change impacts and production adaptation options, improved ability to see connections and interdependencies and finally, strengthened relationships and social cohesion. The results suggest that increased social learning in the community leads to increase in adaptive capacity of smallholder farmers and improves both their economic and environmental sustainability. We discuss the key lessons for designing learning configurations that can successfully enhance adaptive capacity and smallholder farmers’ agency and responsiveness to the challenges posed by climate change impacts. 相似文献