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71.
Development and Climate Change: A Mainstreaming Approach for Assessing Economic,Social, and Environmental Impacts of Adaptation Measures 总被引:1,自引:1,他引:1
The paper introduces the so-called climate change mainstreaming approach, where vulnerability and adaptation measures are
assessed in the context of general development policy objectives. The approach is based on the application of a limited set
of indicators. These indicators are selected as representatives of focal development policy objectives, and a stepwise approach
for addressing climate change impacts, development linkages, and the economic, social and environmental dimensions related
to vulnerability and adaptation are introduced. Within this context it is illustrated using three case studies how development
policy indicators in practice can be used to assess climate change impacts and adaptation measures based on three case studies,
namely a road project in flood prone areas of Mozambique, rainwater harvesting in the agricultural sector in Tanzania and
malaria protection in Tanzania. The conclusions of the paper confirm that climate risks can be reduced at relatively low costs,
but the uncertainty is still remaining about some of the wider development impacts of implementing climate change adaptation
measures. 相似文献
72.
73.
Identification and significance of phenazone drugs and their metabolites in ground- and drinking water 总被引:8,自引:0,他引:8
Residues of three phenazone-type pharmaceuticals have been identified in routine analyses of groundwater samples from selected areas in the north-western districts of Berlin, Germany. Phenazone, propiphenazone, and dimethylaminophenazone have been detected in some wells at concentrations up to the low microg/l-level. Additionally, three phenazone-type metabolites namely 1-acetyl-1-methyl-2-dimethyl-oxamoyl-2-phenylhydrazide (AMDOPH), 1-acetyl-1-methyl-2-phenylhydrazide, and dimethyloxalamide acid-(N'-methyl-N-phenyl)-hydrazide have also been identified in these groundwater samples. The residues are suspected to originate from former production spills of a pharmaceutical plant located in a city north of Berlin. It was observed that with the exception of AMDOPH all other residues were efficiently removed during conventional drinking water treatment. The drug metabolite AMDOPH deriving from dimethylaminophenazone residues was found at concentrations of 0.9 microg/l in finished drinking water. However, a following study on the toxicological relevance of the AMDOPH residues has shown that there is no toxicological harm for humans at the low concentrations of AMDOPH observed in Berlin drinking water. 相似文献
74.
Kirsten McIlveen 《Local Environment》2013,18(2):193-204
Drawing on the example of community forestry in British Columbia, Canada, this paper conceptualises and empirically assesses key contributors to successful community economic development, with a special emphasis on the role of local community support and inclusive participation. Relevant scholarship highlights the importance of these factors for achieving success with any community economic development (CED) initiative. While the initial experiences of 10 community forest initiatives under British Columbia's Community Forest Pilot Project offers evidence to corroborate this view, it is also evident that expertise and leadership, even of the exclusive variety, can substitute for community support and participation, if the goal of CED is to create a profitable community enterprise capable of delivering jobs and revenues to community members. 相似文献
75.
Adaptation to Climate Change in Developing Countries 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
Ole Mertz Kirsten Halsnæs Jørgen E. Olesen Kjeld Rasmussen 《Environmental management》2009,43(5):743-752
Adaptation to climate change is given increasing international attention as the confidence in climate change projections is
getting higher. Developing countries have specific needs for adaptation due to high vulnerabilities, and they will in this
way carry a great part of the global costs of climate change although the rising atmospheric greenhouse gas concentrations
are mainly the responsibility of industrialized countries. This article provides a status of climate change adaptation in
developing countries. An overview of observed and projected climate change is given, and recent literature on impacts, vulnerability,
and adaptation are reviewed, including the emerging focus on mainstreaming of climate change and adaptation in development
plans and programs. The article also serves as an introduction to the seven research articles of this special issue on climate
change adaptation in developing countries. It is concluded that although many useful steps have been taken in the direction
of ensuring adequate adaptation in developing countries, much work still remains to fully understand the drivers of past adaptation
efforts, the need for future adaptation, and how to mainstream climate into general development policies. 相似文献
76.
77.
78.
Karin Sundberg MD Steen Smidt-Jensen Claes Lundsteen Kirsten Agerbæk John Philip 《黑龙江环境通报》1993,13(12):1101-1110
Due to the low cell concentration, cultures from early amniotic fluid specimens usually require 2–3 weeks in culture prior to karyotyping. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the culture quality of amniotic fluid cells from early pregnancy, obtained by a new filter technique. The hypothetical advantage of the technique was that the increased cell yield might reduce the culture time before karyotyping. Culture quality was assessed by the number of colonies, the percentage of colonies containing mitoses in filter and control cultures, and the culture time. The setting was a consecutive clinical trial. One hundred samples were obtained from ongoing pregnancies at 11–14 weeks of gestation (mean 12·8 weeks). By circulating a mean of 26 ml of amniotic fluid through a cell filter system leading the cell-free fluid back to the amniotic cavity, the cell yield was increased in the sample of 7 ml corresponding to the dead space of the filter system. The culture results were compared with control cultures from 5 ml samples drawn from the same pregnancies prior to recirculation. The cultures from the first flushing of the filter system yielded 2·6 times more colonies and in total 4·2 times more colonies were found in the three cultures grown from each filter sample when compared with the control cultures. Moreover, the filter cultures showed significantly more colonies with mitoses. The mean culture time was 8·0 days for the filter cultures, from which the karyotypes were analysed. The controls would have needed more time in culture to fulfil the diagnostic criteria for karyotyping. One case of 47,XY, + 21 was found; the rest had normal karyotypes. We conclude that the filter technique improves the culture quality of early amniotic fluid samples and allows early arrest of the cultures. 相似文献
79.
80.
Simona Regenspurg Anita Gößner Stefan Peiffer Kirsten Küsel 《Water, Air, & Soil Pollution: Focus》2002,2(3):57-67
Schwertmannite, an iron(III)-oxyhydroxysulfate formed in acidic mining-impacted stream or lake waters often contaminated with toxic elements like arsenate or chromate, is able to incorporate high amounts of these oxyanions. Detoxification of the water might be achieved if precipitated arsenated or chromated schwertmannite is fixed in the sediment. However, under reduced conditions, reductive dissolution of iron oxides mediated by the activity of Fe(III)-reducing bacteria might mobilize arsenate and chromate again. In this study, the reduction of synthesized arsenated or chromated schwertmannite by the acidophilic Fe(III)-reducer Acidiphilium cryptum JF-5, isolated from an acidic mining-impacted sediment, was investigated. In TSB medium at pH 2.7 with glucose as electron donor, A. cryptum JF-5 reduced about 10% of the total Fe(III) present in pure synthetic schwertmannite but only 5% of Fe(III) present in arsenated schwertmannite. In contrast to sulfate that was released during the reductive dissolution of pure schwertmannite, arsenate was not released during the reduction of arsenated schwertmannite probably due to the high surface complexation constant of arsenate and Fe(III). In medium containing chromated schwertmannite, no Fe(II) was formed, and no glucose was consumed indicating that chromate might have been toxic to cells of A. cryptum JF-5. Both As(V) or Cr(VI) could not be utilized as electron acceptor by A. cryptum JF-5. A comparison between autoclaved (121 °C for 20 min) and non-autoclaved schwertmannite samples demonstrated that nearly 100%of the bound sulfate was released during heating, and FTIR spectra indicated a transformation of schwertmannite to goethite. This structural change was not observed with autoclaved arsenated or chromated schwertmannite. These results suggest that the mobility of arsenate and chromate is not enhanced by the activity of acidophilic Fe(III)-reducing bacteria in mining-impacted sediments. In contrast, the presence of bound arsenate and chromate seemed to stabilize schwertmannite against reductive dissolution and its further transformation to goethite that is an ongoing process in those sediments. 相似文献