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131.
Frische M Garofalo K Hansteen TH Borchers R Harnisch J 《Environmental science and pollution research international》2006,13(6):406-413
BACKGROUND: Halogenated compounds in the atmosphere are of great environmental concern due to their demonstrated negative effect on atmospheric chemistry and climate. Detailed knowledge of the emission budgets of halogenated compounds has to be gained to understand better their specific impact on ozone chemistry and the climate. Such data are also highly relevant to guide policy decisions in connexion with international agreements about protection of the ozone layer. In selected cases, the relevance of specific emission sources for certain compounds were unclear. In this study we present new and comprehensive evidence regarding the existence and relevance of a volcanic contribution of chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs), hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs), hydrochlorofluorocarbons (HCFCs), halons (bromine containing halo(hydro)carbons), and fully fluorinated compounds (e.g. CF4 and SF6) to the atmospheric budget. METHODS: In order to obtain new evidence of a volcanic origin of these compounds, we collected repeatedly, during four field campaigns covering a period of two years, gases from fumaroles discharging over a wide range of temperatures at the Nicaraguan subduction zone volcanoes Momotombo, Cerro Negro and Mombacho, and analysed them with very sensitive GC/MS systems. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION: In most fumarolic samples certain CFCs, HFCs, HCFCs, halons, and the fully fluorinated compounds CF4 and SF6 were present above detection limits. However, these compounds occur in the fumarole gases in relative proportions characteristic for ambient air. CONCLUSION: This atmospheric fingerprint can be explained by variable amounts of air entering the porous volcanic edifices and successively being incorporated into the fumarolic gas discharges. Recommendation and Outlook. Our results suggest that the investigated volcanoes do not constitute a significant natural source for CFCs, HFCs, HCFCs, halons, CF4, SF6 and NF3. 相似文献
132.
133.
Following the recommendations of the US National Academy of Sciences and the mandates of the 1987 Nuclear Waste Policy Amendments Act, the US Department of Energy has proposed Yucca Mountain, Nevada as the site of the world's first permanent repository for high-level nuclear waste. The main justification for permanent disposal (as opposed to above-ground storage) is that it guarantees safety by means of waste isolation. This essay argues, however, that considerations of equity (safer for whom?) undercut the safety rationale. The article surveys some prima facie arguments for equity in the distribution of radwaste risks and then evaluates four objections that are based, respectively, on practicality, compensation for risks, scepticism about duties to future generations, and the uranium criterion. The conclusion is that, at least under existing regulations and policies, permanent waste disposal is highly questionable, in part, because it fails to distribute risk equitably or to compensate, in full, for this inequity. 相似文献
134.
135.
Kjell Einar Erikstad Jan Ove Bustnes Svein-Håkon Lorentsen Tone Kristin Reiertsen 《Behavioral ecology and sociobiology》2009,63(6):931-938
In birds, there is ample evidence that the mother can manipulate the sex of the young and produce more of the sex, which gives
the highest fitness return. This has previously been documented in gulls, Laridae. Gulls are sexually size dimorphic with
males larger than females, and there is good evidence that parents in poor body condition switch their investment to the smallest
sex. In the present study, we examined the primary sex ratio and the survival of male and female chicks of lesser black-backed
gull (Larus fuscus fuscus) in relation to their blood levels of organochlorines (OCs), perfluorinated compounds (PFCs) and polybrominated diphenyl
ethers (BDE-47). We show that females with high levels of OCs (but not PFCs and BDE-47) are likely to skew their sex ratio
at hatching towards female offspring. Few females had very high levels of OCs, and the many females with low levels of OCs
overproduced sons resulting in a male skew at hatching (59%). The survival of female offspring was lower than the survival
of male offspring, causing an even stronger male skew in sex ratio (71%). There is evidence to conclude that circulating levels
of OCs in the blood of females may have detrimental effect on the sex allocation strategy and could be of serious threat to
the population.
Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users. 相似文献
136.
OBJECTIVE: Although studies have demonstrated that clients in treatment for alcohol abuse are more at risk of driving while impaired (DWI) by alcohol than normal licensed drivers from the general population, no research was found on DWI convictions among those in treatment for abusing cannabis or cocaine. The purpose of this article is to compare DWI convictions among clients in treatment for alcohol, cannabis, cocaine, or various combinations of these substances, compared to a matched population control group. METHOD: A stratified random sample of driver records was drawn from seven client groups who sought treatment in 1994 for alcohol, cannabis, cocaine, or any combination of these substances (n = 445). A random sample of drivers, frequency matched by age and sex (n = 566), served as control subjects. RESULTS: Logistic regression analysis, controlling for sex and age, was conducted to assess whether DWI convictions were elevated for each of the client groups, compared to controls. Two sets of analyses were conducted, before treatment (from 1985 to 1993) and after treatment (from 1995 to 2000). In the time period before treatment, every drug group except the "cannabis only" group had significantly more DWI convictions than controls (p < .05). In the period after treatment, the "alcohol only," "cocaine only," "alcohol and cocaine," and the "cocaine and cannabis" groups still had significantly more DWI convictions than controls (p < .05). CONCLUSION: The results show that DWI convictions are elevated among those who abused cocaine but not among those who abused cannabis. The results suggest that cross-addiction of alcohol and cocaine is common, and problematic drinking among cocaine clients can go undetected when clients are being diagnosed for treatment. 相似文献
137.
Quantifying climate change mitigation potential in the United States Great Plains wetlands for three greenhouse gas emission scenarios 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
138.
KH Hovland Y Thomassen NP Skaugset K Skyberg M Skogstad B Bakke 《Journal of environmental monitoring : JEM》2012,14(8):2092-2099
The aim of this study was to characterise personal exposures to dust, acid vapours, and gases among workers in a Norwegian nitrate fertiliser production plant, as part of an ongoing epidemiological study. In total, 178 inhalable and 179 thoracic aerosol mass fraction samples were collected from randomly chosen workers (N = 141) from three compound fertiliser departments (A, B and C), a calcium nitrate fertiliser production department, nitric acid- and ammonia-production departments, and a shipping department. The overall median inhalable and thoracic aerosol mass concentrations were generally low (1.1 mg m(-3) (min-max: <0.93-45) and 0.21 mg m(-3) (min-max: <0.085-11), respectively). Workers at the compound fertiliser departments B and C had significantly higher inhalable aerosol mass air concentrations compared to the other departments (p < 0.05), except for compound fertiliser department A; however, the difference between the compound fertiliser department C and calcium nitrate department was slightly above the significant level. Workers at the compound fertiliser department A had significantly higher thoracic aerosol mass air concentrations compared to the other departments (p < 0.05), except for compound fertiliser departments B and C. The results indicate that the extrathoracic aerosol fraction of the aerosol compared to the thoracic fraction dominated in most departments. Measurement of the main constituents Ca, K, Mg, and P in the water-soluble and water-insoluble aerosol mass fractions showed that the air concentrations of these elements were low. There is, however, a shift towards more water-soluble species as the production goes from raw material with phosphate rock towards the final product of fertilisers. Overall, the arithmetic mean of water-soluble Ca in the thoracic mass fraction was 51% (min-max: 1-100). A total of 169 personal samples were analysed for HNO(3) vapour and HF. The highest median concentration of HNO(3) (0.63 mg m(-3)) was in the compound fertiliser departments B, and all measurements but four of the HF concentrations were below the LOD of 190 μg m(-3). Exposures to NH(3), CO and NO(2) were measured using direct-reading electrochemical sensors and the time weighted overall averages were all below the LODs of the respective sensors, NH(3) 2 ppm; CO 2 ppm; and NO(2) 0.2 ppm, but some short-term peaks were detected. Even though our results indicate that the workers may experience peak exposure episodes when performing job tasks such as cleaning or maintenance work, the overall air concentrations are well below what is considered to cause known health risks. 相似文献
139.
Cross-ecosystem movements of material and energy, particularly reciprocal resource fluxes across the freshwater-land interface, have received major attention. Freshwater ecosystems may receive higher amounts of subsidies (i.e., resources produced outside the focal ecosystem) than terrestrial ecosystems, potentially leading to increased secondary production in freshwaters. Here we used a meta-analytic approach to quantify the magnitude and direction of subsidy inputs across the freshwater-land interface and to determine subsequent responses in recipient animals. Terrestrial and freshwater ecosystems differed in the magnitude of subsidies they received, with aquatic ecosystems generally receiving higher subsidies than terrestrial ecosystems. Surprisingly, and despite the large discrepancy in magnitude, the contribution of these subsidies to animal carbon inferred from stable isotope composition did not differ between freshwater and terrestrial ecosystems, likely due to the differences in subsidy quality. The contribution of allochthonous subsidies was highest to primary consumers and predators, suggesting that bottom-up and top-down effects may be affected considerably by the input of allochthonous resources. Future work on subsidies will profit from a food web dynamic approach including indirect trophic interactions and propagating effects. 相似文献
140.
Sutter K Jung K Krauss GJ 《Environmental science and pollution research international》2002,9(6):417-421
The assessment of pollution in aquatic systems necessitates an accurate indication of toxicity of heavy metals for organisms and ecosystems. We used the stable nitrogen isotope 15N to estimate the influence of the heavy metals Cd, Pb and Zn on the synthesis of nitrogen-containing fractions in the aquatic moss Fontinalis antipyretica. This method permits conclusions concerning inhibitory effects of these heavy metals on the assimilation of nitrogen and the biosynthesis of amino acids and proteins. The moss was exposed to metal concentrations of 25-500 microM over a period of 5-10 days. 15N abundance of exposed plants was compared with that of control plants. Similar to a loss of vitality determined using a fluorometric assay, a decrease of the 15N abundance in the N fractions of Fontinalis antipyretica was measured in dependence on the metal concentration. Nevertheless, the individual inhibition by the distinct metals was different, so that the following order of toxicity was derived: Cd > Pb > Zn. 相似文献