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71.
Chlorinated phenols are used at many saw mills for impregnation of saw timber. Waste products containing the used compound follow this process. Tests have been performed on pilot and full-scale in order to investigate the possibility of destroying these wastes by combustion.The pilot scale tests with 70 g of pentachlorophenol show that at a transit time of approximately 3 seconds and a combustion temperature of 600°C the unburnt residue was 50 mg/kg fed in pentachlorophenol. At 800°C the residue decreased to 15 mg/kg. No formation of octachlorodioxin could be proved.The full-scale test with a small amount of pentachlorophenol and a large amount of tetrachlorophenol show that at a transit time of approximately 0.9 seconds and a temperature varying during one test between 620–875° (average 760°C), the unburnt residue was 9 mg/kg for tetrachlorophenol and 650 mg/kg for pentachlorophenol. At an increased load the residue increased gradually, being 5.900 mg/kg for tetrachlorophenol and 7.100 mg/kg for pentachlorophenol at a test when the temperature was varied between 460 and 850° (average 620°C). Analyses of chlorinated dioxins show that octachlorodioxin was found in the flue gas at one of the tests. This may indicate a formation. 相似文献
72.
73.
Barbara I. Kronberg Murray J. Watt Susan C. Polischuk 《Environmental monitoring and assessment》1998,50(2):173-187
Acute ecological changes in North American boreal forests in this century are attributed to an array of factors including human activities. In the Quetico-Superior Ecotone of Northwest Ontario and Northern Minnesota warmer, drier climate conditions since mid-century have concurred with extensive manipulation of regional forests by fire suppression and clear-cut logging. Predicted effects of climate changes expected for the next century could compete with transformations in these systems over the past 10 000 yr. The degree of alteration of natural processes and patterns in North American boreal forests requires implementation of realistic strategies to ensure that sufficiently large tracts of these systems maintain their natural integrity. 相似文献
74.
Liljelind IE Eriksson KA Nilsson LO Jonsson IB Burstrom YI 《Journal of environmental monitoring : JEM》2005,7(5):519-523
Dental technicians are exposed on a daily basis to undiluted methyl methacrylate (MMA) when performing various routine tasks. Although the clinical effects of this chemical have been known for decades, no previous studies have been performed to estimate the potential dermal exposure to it. In this study we describe a patch-sampling technique to intercept the MMA that would otherwise have contaminated the skin on different parts of the hand and lower arm. Two different work tasks, making an orthodontic splint and denture preparation, were both performed under simulated workplace conditions twice by two recent graduated dental technicians. Air measurements were collected simultaneously. The results indicate that the exposure patterns associated with producing an orthodontic splint and denture preparation differed. We found work task-dependent differences in the amounts of MMA collected at the different parts of each hand, and differences between the right and left hands. There was also an interaction between hand and work task, especially for the right hand. The air measurements were positively correlated with the dermal exposure. This study highlights the importance of using a measurement strategy that takes the variability within the hand/arm body parts into account when measuring potential exposure during these kinds of work tasks. In order to establish future dermal exposure limits, more workplace and experimental studies are required. 相似文献
75.
Health Impact of Injuries: A Population-Based Epidemiological Investigation in a Local Community of Bangladesh 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Due to the lack of valid injury data, the objective of this study was to assess the injury morbidity and mortality in a local community of Bangladesh. A population-based survey of 3,258 households was conducted in 1996. The information was collected by trained field-level health workers using three pretested structured forms. The estimated crude morbidity from injuries was 311 per 1,000 population per year, and injury accounted for 13% of all morbidity. The children and old-age groups experienced higher injury rates than others, and male children aged 5–15 years had the highest incidence rates (546/1,000 person-years). Falls and cutting injuries tended to be the most frequently (62.4%) observed types of injuries in this survey. The home (42%) and workplace (42%) were where most of the injuries occurred, and the majority (70.7%) of the injuries were minor. Of all deaths, mortality from injuries was 2.9%, and drowning (27.8%) and homicide (16.7%) were found as common forms of injury-causing deaths. This study invites more detailed investigation on injury morbidity and mortality. 相似文献
76.
Leif G. Olmanson Patrick L. Brezonik Marvin E. Bauer 《Journal of the American Water Resources Association》2014,50(3):748-761
A large 20‐year database on water clarity for all Minnesota lakes ≥8 ha was analyzed statistically for spatial distributions, temporal trends, and relationships with in‐lake and watershed factors that potentially affect lake clarity. The database includes Landsat‐based water clarity estimates expressed in terms of Secchi depth (SDLandsat), an integrative measure of water quality, for more than 10,500 lakes for time periods centered around 1985, 1990, 1995, 2000, and 2005. Minnesota lake clarity is lower (more turbid) in the south and southwest and clearer in the north and northeast; this pattern is evident at the levels of individual lakes and ecoregions. Temporal trends in clarity were detected in ~11% of the lakes: 4.6% had improving clarity and 6.2% had decreasing clarity. Ecoregions in southern and western Minnesota, where agriculture is the predominant land use, had higher percentages of lakes with decreasing clarity than the rest of the state, and small and shallow lakes had higher percentages of decreasing clarity trends than large and deep lakes. The mean SDLandsat statewide remained stable from 1985 to 2005 but decreased in ecoregions dominated by agricultural land use. Deep lakes had higher clarity than shallow lakes statewide and for lakes grouped by land cover. SDLandsat decreased as the percentage of agriculture and/or urban area increased at county and catchment levels and it increased with increasing forested land. 相似文献