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George A. Jutze Robert L. Harris JR. Maurice Georgevich Robert A. Taft 《Journal of the Air & Waste Management Association (1995)》2013,63(5):291-293
A program has been designed to meet a nationwide intelligence-gathering responsibility to obtain general and relative information on current and potential air pollution in areas where interstate transport of pollution may reasonably be expected to exist. This paper describes the field devices utilized in the program. By means of these static “effects packages,” data will be accumulated on: dustfall, particulate impingement, sulfation, corrosion, and tarnishing of metals, and deterioration of textiles, dyes, and rubber. Data accumulated during the “pilot phase” of the program will be discussed. 相似文献
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Patrick J. Comer Robert L. Pressey Malcolm L. Hunter JR. Carrie A. Schloss Steven C. Buttrick Nicole E. Heller John M. Tirpak Daniel P. Faith Molly S. Cross Mark L. Shaffer 《Conservation biology》2015,29(3):692-701
In a rapidly changing climate, conservation practitioners could better use geodiversity in a broad range of conservation decisions. We explored selected avenues through which this integration might improve decision making and organized them within the adaptive management cycle of assessment, planning, implementation, and monitoring. Geodiversity is seldom referenced in predominant environmental law and policy. With most natural resource agencies mandated to conserve certain categories of species, agency personnel are challenged to find ways to practically implement new directives aimed at coping with climate change while retaining their species‐centered mandate. Ecoregions and ecological classifications provide clear mechanisms to consider geodiversity in plans or decisions, the inclusion of which will help foster the resilience of conservation to climate change. Methods for biodiversity assessment, such as gap analysis, climate change vulnerability analysis, and ecological process modeling, can readily accommodate inclusion of a geophysical component. We adapted others’ approaches for characterizing landscapes along a continuum of climate change vulnerability for the biota they support from resistant, to resilient, to susceptible, and to sensitive and then summarized options for integrating geodiversity into planning in each landscape type. In landscapes that are relatively resistant to climate change, options exist to fully represent geodiversity while ensuring that dynamic ecological processes can change over time. In more susceptible landscapes, strategies aiming to maintain or restore ecosystem resilience and connectivity are paramount. Implementing actions on the ground requires understanding of geophysical constraints on species and an increasingly nimble approach to establishing management and restoration goals. Because decisions that are implemented today will be revisited and amended into the future, increasingly sophisticated forms of monitoring and adaptation will be required to ensure that conservation efforts fully consider the value of geodiversity for supporting biodiversity in the face of a changing climate. 相似文献
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An interlaboratory study was initiated to investigate consistency in reported concentrations of polychlorinated naphthalenes (PCNs). Results are reported from the first phase of a study that examined the variability associated with different quantification methodologies, instrumentation and standards. Nine participating labs from seven countries quantified individual homolog groups, summation operator PCN (the sum of 2-8 chlorinated homologs), and selected congeners in two test solutions derived from Halowax 1014. The means of the reported summation operator PCN values were within less than 15% of the known concentrations of the two test solutions and the relative standard deviation among laboratories was 11%. However, the among laboratory variability was in the range 20-40% for individual PCN homologs and individual PCN congeners. These results suggest the need for additional interlaboratory studies and for the development of reference materials for PCN analysis. Future PCN interlaboratory comparison exercises are discussed that will utilize control materials and unknowns consisting of suitable environmental matrices. 相似文献
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Cheese, Tourists, and Red Pandas in the Nepal Himalayas 总被引:3,自引:0,他引:3
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PHILIP C. STOUFFER† RICHARD O. BIERREGAARD JR ‡. CHERYL STRONG§ THOMAS E. LOVEJOY†† 《Conservation biology》2006,20(4):1212-1223
Abstract: The rainforests of the Amazon basin are being cut by humans at a rate >20,000 km2 /year, leading to smaller and more isolated patches of forest, with remaining fragments often in the range of 1–100 ha. We analyzed samples of understory birds collected over 20 years from a standardized mist-netting program in 1– to 100-ha rainforest fragments in a dynamic Amazonian landscape near Manaus, Brazil. Across bird guilds, the condition of second growth immediately surrounding fragments was often as important as fragment size or local forest cover in explaining variation in abundance. Some fragments surrounded by 100 m of open pasture showed reductions in insectivorous bird abundance of over 95%, even in landscapes dominated by continuous forest and old second growth. These extreme reductions may be typical throughout Amazonia in small (≤10 ha), isolated fragments of rainforest. Abundance for some guilds returned to preisolation levels in 10- and 100-ha fragments connected to continuous forest by 20-year-old second growth. Our results show that the consequences of Amazonian forest loss cannot be accurately described without explicit consideration of vegetation dynamics in matrix habitat. Any dichotomous classification of the landscape into "forest" and "nonforest" misses essential information about the matrix. 相似文献
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J. O. Ivie M. D. Thomas O. C. Taylor C. Ray Thompson W. M. Dugger JR. B. L. Richards 《Journal of the Air & Waste Management Association (1995)》2013,63(8):355-359
A discussion of the methods used to determine the most economic design of chimney for a new thermal power station or large industrial plant is presented, with the objective that ground level concentration of pollutants will be kept at a minimum. Attention is paid to the geography and climatology of the site, with special reference to the frequency and height of inversions and the prevailing wind direction and speed. A method is illustrated in using a large thermal power station as an example. The maximum sulfur dioxide concentrations at ground level are computed for several chimney heights and gas exit velocities. The values of these sulfur dioxide concentrations, the capital cost of the chimney, the pumping costs, and the gas pressures within the chimney are considered in selecting a suitable chimney height and a gas exit velocity which will meet most economically the stated objective. The paper deals primarily with chimneys for industrial or power boiler plant of maximum continuous rating greater than 450 million Btu/hr (about 450,000 lbs of steam/hr), or to chimneys serving furnaces burning fuel at a maximum rate greater than 50,000 lbs/hr of coal, or 80,000 lbs/hr of oil. For chimneys serving plant with smaller heat inputs, chimney selection by reference to Clean Air Act 1956, Memorandum on Chimney Heights is suggested. 相似文献
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