基于GF-1号遥感影像的武汉市及周边湖泊综合营养状态指数反演

湖泊水体富营养化的监测评价是湖泊水资源管理和水环境保护的基础性工作。基于GF-1号WFV遥感影像和综合营养状态指数法,通过82个站点实测数据建立多元线性回归和RBF神经网络模型,对武汉市及其周边地区主要湖泊综合营养状态指数进行了反演。反演的结果显示,武汉市及周边大部分湖泊水域处于轻度富营养和中营养状态,局部湖区为中度富营养状态。验证结果表明:GF-1号WFV多光谱数据用于监测大面积湖群水质变化是可行的;两种模型都可以建立实测数据与遥感信息的函数关系,根据函数可以反演湖泊水质综合营养状态指数,进而实现大面积湖泊水质动态监测;而RBF神经网络模型预测的R2为0.742 3,均方根误差为3.72,其反演精度更高,更适合于监测内陆湖泊水质变化。     

露天矿溜槽粉尘逸散规律试验研究

为探索露天矿用溜槽系统粉尘逸散的影响因素,阐明溜槽系统运输过程中粉尘的产生机理和运移规律,从而解决溜槽系统产生的粉尘污染问题,以抚顺西露天矿为研究背景,运用相似理论,建立溜槽模型,通过单因素试验和正交试验,分别研究物料粉岩质量分数、物料含水率、溜槽倾角对溜槽运行过程中粉尘质量浓度的影响。单因素试验结果表明,粉尘质量浓度随物料粉岩质量分数、溜槽倾角增大而逐渐增大,随含水率增大而逐渐降低,溜槽底部粉尘质量浓度受影响变化幅度较大,溜槽中部和上部变化较小。溜槽粉尘质量浓度分布规律为溜槽底部粉尘产生量最大,中部次之,上方最小。溜槽底部为粉尘污染防治重点区域。正交试验结果表明,物料含水率对粉尘逸散影响最大,其次是粉岩质量分数,溜槽倾角影响最小。     

Renewable energy and greenhouse gas emissions from the waste sectors of European Union member states: a panel data analysis

In the last two decades, there has been a rich debate about the environmental degradation that results from exposure to solid urban waste. Growing public concern with environmental issues has led to the implementation of various strategic plans for waste management in several developed countries, especially in the European Union. In this paper, the relationships were assessed between economic growth, renewable energy extraction and greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions in the waste sector. The Environmental Kuznets Curve hypothesis was analysed for the member states of the European Union, in the presence of electricity generation, landfill and GHG emissions for the period 1995 to 2012. The results revealed that there is no inverted-U-shaped relationship between income and GHG emissions in European Union countries. The renewable fuel extracted from waste contributes to a reduction in GHG, and although the electricity produced also increases emissions somewhat, they would be far greater if the waste-based generation of renewable energy did not take place. The waste sector needs to strengthen its political, economic, institutional and social communication instruments to meet its aims for mitigating the levels of pollutants generated by European economies. To achieve the objectives of the Horizon 2020 programme, currently in force in the countries of the European Union, it will be necessary to increase the share of renewable energy in the energy mix.     

三峡库区腹地规模农地空间分布规律

山区农业转型对于我国山区耕地可持续利用效率、土地整治方向以及生态建设方向具有一定的指导意义,渝东北生态涵养发展区是重庆市农用地整治项目的主要分区,通过定义作为农业转型产物的"规模农地"相关概念及其判读标准,旨在提出一种新的研究路径对重庆市典型山区地貌的耕地利用现状给予指导和改善意见。首先选取三峡库区腹地5个区县为研究区,并结合研究区实际对"规模农地"进行等级划分,利用Arc GIS10.2等软件通过景观格局指数、核密度测算、空间自相关等方法从斑块特征、数量分布、空间格局三方面对研究区内规模农地的空间分布规律进行探讨。研究表明:(1)不同类型规模农地斑块特征呈现一定的规律性,小规模农地斑块密度最大为6.004,大规模农地平均最近指数MNN值最低为643.401,且农地规模越大,面积加权平均斑块分维数AWMPFD值和聚集度AI值越高;(2)中、大规模农地数量多集中在奉节县,微、小规模则多集中在巫山县,且规模农地自身及其相互之间存在固定的邻接性规律,即同类斑块之间的邻接性与其斑块大小成反比,不同类型斑块之间则与之相反;(3)研究区规模农地整体空间分布主要集中在奉节县中部以及巫溪县东部,沿江流域的平坝地区分布相对密集,且不同类型规模农地在空间上存在明显的自相关性。     

基于GIS的太湖流域主要生态风险源危险度综合评价研究

以太湖流域主要生态风险源为评价对象,充分考虑多类型多等级风险源作用强度的差异性,构建了风险源危险度评价模型,并在此基础上依据风险源发生机率、强度及作用范围等建立了太湖流域洪涝、干旱、极端气象、土壤侵蚀及污染排放等主要生态风险源的危险度评价指标体系。在ArcGIS技术支持下,创建了太湖流域1 606个网格和24个县市的风险源危险度统计数据库,采用AHP权重法确定指标权重,运用叠加分析、空间分析等技术方法最终实现太湖流域单要素及综合生态风险源危险度的定量评价。结果表明流域内生态风险源的分布存在明显的空间分异规律。其中,高生态风险源危险区集中分布在环太湖北部一带,面积约占流域面积的1172%;较高危险区主要呈“西北 北 东北 东”半环状分布格局,所占面积约2452%,危险度较低的区域集中在流域西南部的苕溪流域一带,面积占1566%。此外,不同区域主导生态风险源组成亦不同,约599%的区域是以污染排放为主导生态风险源,主要分布在镇江 宜兴 长兴 安吉一线以东的地区;2545%的区域主导生态风险源为干旱,主要集中在镇江 宜兴 长兴 安吉一线以西;1244%的区域是以洪涝灾害为主导风险源,集中分布在湖州、宜兴等地;而以水土流失、极端气象灾害作为主导风险源地区相对较为分散,所占比例较小     

湖南省四水流域水沙周期特征及其影响因素分析

采用复小波变换和M K非参数检验的方法分析了湖南省四水流域主要控制站1951~2011年径流量与输沙量周期规律和突变特征。结果表明：(1)湖南四水径流量存在多个波动增加和波动减少的波动变化现象,但无显著变化趋势;而输沙量虽然有一定的波动,但总体上呈波动减少变化态势,而且下降趋势较显著;(2)湘潭站、桃江站和桃源站径流量和输沙量存在20~25 a的第一主周期,而石门站径流量和输沙量的第一主周期不具有一致性,径流量主周期为2 a,输沙量主周期为13 a,但其径流量和输沙量第二、三主周期变化规律相吻合,均为3~5 a的周期;(3)大量的水利工程建设是导致输沙量减少的主要原因,径流量的变化与降水的变化规律较为一致     

水温分层对香溪河库湾浮游植物功能群季节演替的影响

三峡水库水环境问题近年来引起社会广泛关注,以浮游植物功能群为基础,通过对2010年1~12月香溪河库湾水温、浮游植物等进行跟踪监测,探究支流库湾浮游植物群落结构演替趋势及其影响因子。结果表明：香溪河库湾2010年共出现18个浮游植物功能群,其中B、X1、P、Y、X2、D、LO、J、MP、G是代表性功能群;水温分层的季节性发育和消失是浮游植物群落结构演替的主要影响因素;冬季以耐受水温及光照限制的CS/S策略藻种为主;春季弱分层时,CR/R策略藻种适宜生长;夏季汛期时,呈现CR/R/C/CS多种策略藻种混生格局,强分层时,适宜稳定生境的S型策略藻种占据优势;秋季分层被打破,群落结构演替为耐受频繁波动环境的R型群落格局占优势     

工业搬迁区绿化带土壤铜污染及其在植物体内的迁移

老工业搬迁区主要道路两旁绿化带土壤由于历经老工业企业的变迁和环境的污染破坏,可在一定程度上对这一地区环境的历史变迁及重金属污染状况起到指示作用。采集沈阳铁西老工业搬迁区绿化带土壤及其绿化乔木和灌木植株样品,分析土壤中铜的总量及生物有效态含量,同时分别分析了绿化乔木(8种)和绿化灌木(6种)植株根、枝条和叶片的含铜量。结果表明,搬迁区绿化带土壤中含铜量为29.14~166.95mg/kg,显著高于沈阳市土壤铜元素的背景值;土壤有效态铜为0.23~1.72mg/kg,达到中等水平(0.3~1.0mg/kg)的占采样点总数的70.0%。数据还显示,绿化乔木和灌木对铜的蓄积能力依品种不同差异显著,同种植物不同部位(根、枝条和叶片)对铜的富集能力不同;总体上,绿化乔木植株体内含铜量的分布规律为根叶片枝条或叶片根枝条,绿化灌木植株体内含铜量的分布规律为根叶片枝条。对铜蓄积能力较强的绿化乔木为榆叶梅(Amygdalus triloba Lindl.)、垂柳(Salix babylonica Linn.)、旱柳(Salix matsudana Koidz.)和银杏(Ginkgo biloba),对铜蓄积能力较强的绿化灌木为大叶女贞(Ligustrum lucidum Ait.)、小叶女贞(Ligustrum quihoui Carr.)和紫叶小檗(Berberis thunbergii cv.Atropurpurea)。     

The amorphous Zn biomineralization at Naracauli stream,Sardinia: electron microscopy and X-ray absorption spectroscopy

An amorphous Zn biomineralization (“white mud”), occurring at Naracauli stream, Sardinia, in association with cyanobacteria Leptolyngbya frigida and diatoms, was investigated by electron microscopy and X-ray absorption spectroscopy. Preliminary diffraction analysis shows that the precipitate sampled on Naracauli stream bed is mainly amorphous, with some peaks ascribable to quartz and phyllosilicates, plus few minor unattributed peaks. Scanning electron microscopy analysis shows that the white mud, precipitated in association with a seasonal biofilm, is made of sheaths rich in Zn, Si, and O, plus filaments likely made of organic matter. Transmission electron microscopy analysis shows that the sheaths are made of smaller units having a size in the range between 100 and 200 nm. X-ray absorption near-edge structure and extended X-ray absorption fine structure data collected at the Zn K-edge indicate that the biomineral has a local structure similar to hemimorphite, a zinc sorosilicate. The differences of this biomineral with respect to the hydrozincite biomineralization documented about 3 km upstream in the same Naracauli stream may be related to either variations in the physicochemical parameters and/or different metabolic behavior of the involved biota.     

Scale-up of electrochemical oxidation system for treatment of produced water generated by Brazilian petrochemical industry

Scale-up of anodic oxidation system is critical to the practical application of electrochemical treatment in bio-refractory organic wastewater treatment. In this study, the scale-up of electrochemical flow system was investigated by treating petrochemical wastewater using platinized titanium (Ti/Pt) and boron-doped diamond (BDD) anodes. It was demonstrated that flow cell was successfully scaled-up because when it was compared with batch mode (Rocha et al. 2012b), higher performances on organic matter removal were achieved. Under the suitable operating conditions and better anode material, the chemical oxygen demand (COD) of petrochemical wastewater was reduced from 2,746 to 200 mg L^?1 within 5 h with an energy consumption of only 56.2 kWh m^?3 in the scaled-up BDD anode system. These results demonstrate that anode flow system is very promising in practical bio-refractory organic wastewater treatment.