污染场地修复决策支持系统的几个关键问题探讨

场地土壤和地下水环境污染问题已成为近年来我国环境保护领域关注的焦点和热点.污染场地修复决策支持系统是在场地勘察与风险评估基础上,筛选最佳的修复技术,以制定经济高效的场地污染治理方案.本文探讨与分析修复决策系统的框架、模型、方法等关键环节,评估与总结了国际上现有40多种修复决策软件的模块及功能.针对我国场地污染问题,综合国际前沿的思想与理念,提出适合我国现阶段经济社会发展水平的决策支持系统开发思路.     

Preparation and characterization of boron-doped corn straw biochar: Fe (Ⅱ) removal equilibrium and kinetics

Nowadays, iron ions as a ubiquitous heavy metal pollutant are gradually concerned and the convenient and quick removal of excessive iron ions in groundwater has become a major challenge for the safety of drinking water. In this study, boron-doped biochar (B-BC) was successfully prepared at various preparation conditions with the addition of boric acid. The as-prepared material has a more developed pore structure and a larger specific surface area (up to 897.97 m²/g). A series of characterization results shows that boric acid effectively activates biochar, and boron atoms are successfully doped on biochar. Compared with the ratio of raw materials, the pyrolysis temperature has a greater influence on the amount of boron doping. Based on Langmuir model, the maximum adsorption capacity of 800B-BC_1:2 at 25 °C, 40 °C, 55 °C are 50.02 mg/g, 95.09 mg/g, 132.78 mg/g, respectively. Pseudo-second-order kinetic model can better describe the adsorption process, the adsorption process is mainly chemical adsorption. Chemical complexation, ions exchange, and co-precipitation may be the main mechanisms for Fe²⁺ removal.     

红壤区退化林地表土真菌群落结构对土壤改良措施的响应

真菌群落结构和多样性对于土壤改良效果具有高敏感性.研究南方红壤区侵蚀退化林表土真菌群落对有机肥、生物炭和石灰+微生物肥的响应,以明晰不同改土措施的作用.结果表明：(1)3种土壤改良措施均降低了表土真菌丰富度,其中石灰+微生物肥降低作用最大,3种土壤改良措施对表土真菌多样性也有影响,但影响不显著;(2)表土中优势真菌门为子囊菌门(Ascomycota, 31.29%～46.55%)、担子菌门(Basidiomycota, 30.07%～70.71%),优势真菌属为阿太菌属(Amphinema)和单形古根菌属(Archaeorhizomyces),3种土壤改良措施对表土真菌群落结构的影响不同,有机肥提高了子囊菌门和单形古根菌属的相对丰度,生物炭提高了担子菌门和阿太菌属的相对丰度,而石灰+微生物肥则提高了担子菌门和单形古根菌属的相对丰度;(3)土壤pH是影响表土真菌丰富度的关键因子,而表土真菌群落结构则受pH、全氮和有机碳的影响.研究结果为南方红壤区侵蚀退化林地土壤改良,林下植被生态恢复提供科学指导.     

干湿循环对三峡支流消落带沉积物中可转化态氮及其形态分布的影响

水体富营养化的形成与沉积物中氮素的"源-汇"关系密切,本研究选取三峡典型支流澎溪河消落带上、中、下这3个水文断面,160 m和170 m两个水位高程,0~20、20~40、40~60、60~80、80~100 cm共5个深度的沉积物样品,通过研究其总可转化态氮(TF-N)与各形态可转化态氮含量及分布特征,旨在揭示周期性水位变化对消落带沉积物氮释放的影响.结果表明,澎溪河消落带沉积物总氮含量在313.02~3 255.53 mg·kg-1之间,空间分布上呈上站位(渠口)中站位(高阳)下站位(双江)的趋势;总可转化态氮含量范围为288.54~1 123.27mg·kg-1,均值为639.40 mg·kg-1,空间分布趋势与总氮一致;TF-N中各形态氮的大小顺序为:OSF-N(有机态和硫化物结合态)IMOF-N(铁锰结合态)CF-N(碳酸盐结合态)IEF-N(离子交换态).沉积物中TF-N主要以OSF-N(50.9%)和IMOF-N(33.3%)形态存在.OSF-N很难释放,不易参与氮循环.IMOF-N受水文条件影响显著,表现为在低水位高程和下采样站位沉积物中含量更低.淹水胁迫、水体富营养化等情况下氧含量较低,相对还原条件下有利于其向水体释放.而TF-N及其形态分布在垂直深度上无显著差异.可见,三峡库区特殊调蓄水制度加速了澎溪河下游、低水位高程消落带沉积物中IMOF-N向水体的释放.     

近壁面猝发湍流对颗粒物起尘机理的探讨

应用象限分析对在环境风洞中模拟的平坦近壁面湍流进行了研究,探讨了近壁面湍流的间歇性结构与猝发现象,观察了颗粒物起动的过程,探讨了猝发湍流对颗粒物的作用机理.结果表明,比平均雷诺切应力高1 个量级的瞬时雷诺切应力,时间分担率小于 20%,而对平均雷诺切应力的贡献率却达到 50%.近壁面层湍流猝发行为中抛射和外交换对颗粒物的飞起有支配作用,导致的瞬时雷诺切应力足以使颗粒物脱离地表进入空中.以 10 倍平均雷诺应力来估计抛射行为导致的瞬时雷诺切应力,考察瞬时雷诺切应力对颗粒物起动的作用,得到了与经验公式一致的起尘临界摩擦速度公式.在颗粒物起动研究中,对于可表征湍流在空间和时间上间歇性猝发特点的瞬时雷诺切应力,应引起足够的重视.     

应用WRF/Chem模拟河南冬季大气颗粒物的区域输送特征

基于WRF/Chem模式,设置多组区域排放源的情景实验定量估算河南、京津冀、山东、山西、安徽和江苏、湖北6个区域人为源排放对河南省2015年12月PM_(2.5)和PM_(10)浓度贡献率,并结合气象资料研究3个代表性城市的污染输送特征.结果表明:河南省冬季PM_(2.5)和PM_(10)主要来源为本省排放,平均贡献率分别为54.83%、61.32%.区域污染输送对河南颗粒物的贡献也占有很大比例,京津冀、安徽和江苏、山东、山西以及湖北对PM_(2.5)平均贡献率分别为11.95%、11.69%、7.95%、7.40%、4.30%,对PM_(10)平均贡献率分别为10.42%、10.03%、7.00%、6.89%、3.80%.PM_(2.5)外来输送率比PM_(10)要高,表明细颗粒物比粗颗粒物更易跨区域长距离输送.冬季长持续时间的污染过程大多受静风或小风控制,省内污染贡献最大,过程结束时伴随着大风,周边区域的污染贡献有所增加.不同城市的颗粒物来源与其地理位置、风速、风向等气象条件密切相关.区域污染来源具有复杂性,改善河南省空气质量是需要整个区域共同面对和解决的问题.     

NBI加速极电源分布电容数值仿真

离子源是中性束注入器（NBI）的核心部件。离子源负载打火期间,储存在电路中的电容储能超过一定阈值,离子源将会受到严重的损坏。通过对NBI电源系统的分析,得出加速极电源的对地电容是电源系统总杂散电容的主要组成部分。直接求解加速极电源的对地分布电容是十分困难的,根据加速极电源的结构布局,采用数值仿真的方法对加速极电源进行建模和求解,得到了加速极脉冲电源100 kV的等效电容大小,为NBI离子源的设计和安全运行提供了重要依据。     

易失稳瓦斯抽采钻孔加固技术数值模拟研究

针对松软煤层瓦斯抽采钻孔稳定性差、钻孔形变较大、钻孔及周围煤体漏风严重等造成钻孔密封难的技术难题,提出了预先采用加固技术来提高松软煤层瓦斯抽采钻孔的稳定性,合理的解决钻孔高效密封的现实难题。首先,阐述了易失稳瓦斯抽采钻孔加固技术的基本原理。其次,利用FLAC3D模拟软件对比分析了松软煤层、硬质煤层在不同固孔材料固化后钻孔周围位移场变化。研究表明:采取固孔措施后的钻孔相比措施前等值线分布稀疏,梯度较小,不同位置处的煤体的位移量差别较小。钻孔形成后,顶部位移量均大于底部位移量,左右两帮的位移量基本相同,有效的降低钻孔周边煤体的位移变化量,增强钻孔稳定性,为钻孔的高效密封提供了保障。     

Heavy metal availability and impact on activity of soil microorganisms along a Cu/Zn contamination gradient

All the regulations that define a maximum concentration of metals in the receiving soil are based on total soil metal concentration. However, the potential toxicity of a heavy metal in the soil depends on its speciation and availability. We studied the effects of heavy metal speciation and availability on soil microorganism activities along a Cu/Zn contamination gradient. Microbial biomass and enzyme activity of soil contaminated with both Cu and Zn were investigated. The results showed that microbial biomass was negatively affected by the elevated metal levels. The microbial biomass-C （Cmic）/organic C （Corg） ratio was closely correlated to heavy metal stress. There were negative correlations between soil microbial biomass, phosphatase activity and NH4NO3 extractable heavy metals. The soil microorganism activity could be predicted using empirical models with the availability of Cu and Zn. We observed that 72% of the variation in phosphatase activity could be explained by the NH4NO3-extractable and total heavy metal concentration. By considering different monitoring approaches and different viewpoints, this set of methods applied in this study seemed sensitive to site differences and contributed to a better understanding of the effects of heavy metals on the size and activity of microorganisms in soils. The data presented demonstrate the relationship between heavy metals availability and heavy metal toxicity to soil microorganism along a contamination gradient.     

PCR-DGGE技术分析倒置A~2/O工艺处理染织废水中的微生物区系

基于16S rDNA的PCR-DGGE(polymerase chain reaction-denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis)技术研究了倒置A2/O(anoxic-anaerobic-aerobic)工艺处理染织废水过程中的微生物群落结构.从兼氧、厌氧和好氧区共取6个不同处理阶段的样品,测量了不同处理阶段样品的COD、pH、NH4+-N、H2S、总磷(TP)、污泥含量(TS)、色度及其脱除率,并分析了这些指标的变化规律.结果显示,COD在处理后期降到了145mg·L-1,NH4+-N的脱除率可达到85%,硫化氢的去除率达到了90%以上,磷的脱除率可达80%以上,TS处于逐渐升高的趋势,色度的脱除率达到65%.DGGE图谱显示,好氧处理阶段的微生物多样性明显比兼氧处理和厌氧处理的阶段的要丰富.