Effects of ambient temperature on regulated gaseous and particulate emissions from gasoline-, E10- and M15-fueled vehicles

• Emissions from two sedans were tested with gasoline, E10 and M15 at 30°C and -7°C. • As the temperature decreased, the PM, PN and BC emissions increased with all fuels. • Particulate emissions with E10 and M15 were more sensitive to the temperature. • The PN and BC generated during cold start-up dominated those over the WLTC. Ambient temperature has substantial impacts on vehicle emissions, but the impacts may differ between traditional and alcohol gasolines. The objective of this study was to investigate the effects of temperature on gaseous and particulate emissions with both traditional and alcohol gasoline. Regulated gaseous, particle mass (PM), particle number (PN) and black carbon (BC) emissions from typical passenger vehicles were separately quantified with gasoline, E10 (10% ethanol and 90% gasoline by volume) and M15 (15% methanol and 85% gasoline by volume) at both 30°C and -7°C. The particulate emissions with all fuels increased significantly with decreased temperature. The PM emissions with E10 were only 48.0%–50.7% of those with gasoline at 30°C but increased to 59.2%-79.4% at -7°C. The PM emissions with M15 were comparable to those with gasoline at 30°C, but at -7°C, the average PM emissions were higher than those with gasoline. The variation trend of PN emissions was similar to that of PM emissions with changes in the fuel and temperature. At 30°C, the BC emissions were lower with E10 and M15 than with gasoline in most cases, but E10 and M15 might emit more BC than gasoline at -7°C, especially M15. The results of the transient PN and BC emission rates show that particulate emissions were dominated mainly by those emitted during the cold-start moment. Overall, the particulate emissions with E10 and M15 were more easily affected by ambient temperature, and the advantages of E10 and M15 in controlling particulate emissions declined as the ambient temperature decreased.     

Issues concerning the technology transfer of geographic information systems

Many state and local agencies have begun to adopt computer technology as a means of upgrading existing mapping and related practices. These agencies are faced with the dualism of wanting modern technology within a traditional setting and demanding technological independence at the same time. This article is an account of the art of technology transfers, with discussions about the necessary ingredients and constraints in the identification, adaptation, absorption, implementation, diffusion, and evaluation of new technologies. In general, a systematic approach towards the strengthening of endogenous capabilities with sufficient provision for operational and policy changes may be preferable to the idea of comprehensive planning.     

高纯二氧化锆生产过程中污染的防治

对高纯二氧化锆的生产工艺进行了改革,采用了新型反应器及胶凝除硅,直接酸溶重结晶,直接煅烧等技术,降低了原材料消耗及能耗,减少了废液排放量,并将回收的废物加工成副产品白炭黑,实现了在生产过程中防治污染。     

DRAWDOWN AT TIME-DEPENDENT FLOWRATE1

ABSTRACT: The exact solution for the drawdown in and around a well in a homogeneous, isotropic, and confined aquifer is presented if the well discharge is a function of time. The effect of the storage capacity of the well is also taken into consideration. Two types of flowrate functions are studied, namely linear and exponential functions, and the results are plotted in graphs.     

固相萃取-气相色谱法检测水中的邻苯二甲酸酯

利用固相萃取技术富集了水中4种邻苯二甲酸酯类（PAEs）化合物：邻苯二甲酸二甲酯（DMP）、邻苯二甲酸二乙酯（DEP）、邻苯二甲酸二丁酯（DBP）、邻苯二甲酸二（2-乙基己基）酯（DEHP）。借助均匀设计法及计算机回归建模优化技术对4种PAEs的固相萃取条件进行了设计与优化，得到的最佳固相萃取条件：洗脱剂配比（正己烷与丙酮的体积比）30：1，洗脱体积2mL，洗脱速率4mL／min，上样速率8mL／min。富集后的试样用带电子捕获器的毛细管气相色谱仪检测，方法的线性范围为1～1000μg／L（DMP，DEP），0．2—100μg／L（DBP，DEHP），线性回归方程的相关系数为0．9970～1．0000，检出限为0．02-0．4μg／L，4种PAEs的回收率为69％～117％，相对标准偏差为2．5％～9．5％。[关键词]     

化工装置大检修安全绩效管理

中国石化茂名分公司化工分部于2009年12月27日至2010年1月31日,对2006年新建成投产的2^#裂解装置、2^#加氢装置、芳烃装置、2^#高压装置、2^#聚丙烯装置、高密度装置、2^#丁二烯装置等7套新装置同时安排大检修。 大检修项目有置等7套新装置同时安排大检修。大检修项目有2712项,21家施工队伍进驻厂区,投入施工力量2900多人,面临着任务重、工期紧、安全和质量监管难度大等问题。针对化工装置大检修的特殊性,化工分部对单位员工和承包商检修期间进行绩效考核。     

从经济与环境的冲突中看环境面临的挑战

从经济和生态环境的角度分析了当代经济对生态环境的巨大冲击,认为当今经济已逐步发展成一个相对封闭和专门化的系统,它与生态系统有着难以调和的紧张关系,任何经济手段和国家管理行为都无法使经济系统本身衍生出保护生态环境的功能,并且还会受到经济系统的强烈排斥。本文分析了超越发展极限和保持可持续发展所需的条件,认为满足这些条件人类将面临巨大的困难和挑战。     

水厂抽水对乌什地震台体应变观测数据的干扰分析

根据体应变的观测原理,从理论和实际观测中分析了水厂抽水对体应变观测分钟值曲线的影响及两者间的相关性.分析表明,应变观测值波动时间与抽水时间基本吻合,因此认为水厂抽水对体应变观测会造成一定程度的干扰.     

改性沸石去除工业乳化废水中COD的研究

采用10%HCl浸渍处理后改性沸石处理工业乳化废水。试验结果表明,改性沸石处理工业乳化废水的优化条件为：最佳粒径0.074 mm～0.10 mm,改性沸石与乳化废水的质量比4：100,搅拌时间40 min,静置时间60 min;该优化条件下,改性沸石对工业乳化废水的COD去除率达83%～85%,效果优于聚铁。