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101.
“十二五”期间节能减排的目标是单位GDP能耗下降16%,为实现这一目标,政府采取了以提高能源效率为核心的节能减排政策,但是能源效率的提高可能产生潜在的“回弹效应”,即可能增加能源的使用从而使得节能减排目标难以实现.本文在文献研究的基础上,分析了回弹效应的类型和产生机理,梳理了国内外文献中关于回弹效应测度的实证结果,指出了当前实证研究中存在的主要问题,并从公共政策制定的角度设计了经济模型和其他社会科学相结合的定性比较分析研究方案,主张从经济主体行为反应、替代品价格、能源补贴以及发展新能源政策等多重视角研究回弹效应发生的内在机理,从而对能源政策产生明确的导向.最后,提出了加强能源回弹效应研究的具体政策建议. 相似文献
102.
Issam A. Al-Khatib Maria Monou Abdul Salam F. Abu Zahra Hafez Q. Shaheen Despo Kassinos 《Journal of environmental management》2010,91(5):1131-1138
Solid waste management (SWM) is one of the most challenging issues faced by developing countries that suffer from serious pollution problems caused by the generation of large waste quantities. This paper presents the case study of SWM in the Nablus district – Palestine. Surveys for household residents' and SWM program operators, field investigations, on-site waste measurements and characterizations were conducted. Per capita waste generation rates varied between different localities although trends were similar. Overall, the majority of waste was organic (65.1% by weight), suggesting a strong resource recovery potential in terms of animal feed or compost. Recyclable waste (plastic, paper and card) made up 16.7% by weight the waste composition suggesting an incentive to introduce source separation. Household attitudes complemented the waste characterization study, revealing the main problems faced. SWM operators quoted on the current status, highlighting problems with disposing in unsanitary landfills, ineffective solid waste fees system, increasing solid waste quantities and lacking equipment and experienced personnel. To enhance sustainable SWM, public awareness, funding, expertise, equipment and facilities and other provisions currently lacking or inappropriate must be provided. 相似文献
103.
护理学基础是护理专业的一门主干课程,学好护理学基础对学生以后从事临床工作至关重要.因此,搞好护理学基础的教学必须从提高教师综合素质入手,结合学生的实际情况,充分做好课前准备工作,运用灵活多样的教学方法,加强实习前的培训,让学生牢固地掌握该课程的基本理论和基本技能,打好临床护理工作的基础.参4. 相似文献
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105.
M. Hossein Sabet James Q. Coe 《Journal of the American Water Resources Association》1986,22(4):587-596
ABSTRACT: A large-scale simulation/optimization model provides schedules for operation of water and power for the California State Water Project (SWP). The SWP consists of a series of reservoirs linked by rivers, pumping plants, canals, tunnels, and generating plants and is operated by the California Department of Water Resources. The Department provides water to municipal and agricultural users, and manages its electrical loads and resources. The model, therefore, performs hydraulic and electrical computations leading to optimal operation of the entire system. It consists of hydraulic network programming components to meet the storage objectives at all the reservoirs, a linear programming component to determine the schedules at pumping and generating plants, an electrical network programming component to balance electrical loads and resources, and a number of other simulation components. It operates on yearly, weekly, and daily bases. It is primarily used for real-time operation of the SWP and can provide hourly detail schedules which are implemented by the SWP staff via a computerized system. 相似文献
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108.
Leachate samples were collected from the West New Territory Landfill (WENT), Hong Kong, and characterized in the laboratory. The analytical results confirmed that it has a typical nature of aged leachate with a low BOD5/COD ratio of 0.22 and a high strength of ammonia-nitrogen around 5 g/L. A lab-scale study was conducted to investigate the inhibition of microbial activity of the activated sludge. In the first test, glucose-based synthetic wastewater was used in two parallel reactors. The experimental results demonstrated that COD removal declined from 95.1 to 79.1% and the dehydrogenase activity of the sludge decreased from 11.04 to 4.22 μg TF/mg mixed liquor suspended solids (MLSS), when the ammonia-nitrogen concentration increased from 50 mg/L to 800 mg/L progressively. The remaining NH3+-N residue in the treated wastewater increased from 0.58 mg/L to 649 mg/L extensively. In the second test, mixed wastewater samples containing glucose and raw leachate were fed into six parallel biological reactors and operated on batch mode. The experimental results showed COD removal decreased from 97.7 to 78.1% and the dehydrogenase activity decreased from 9.29 to 4.93 μg triphenyl formazon (TF)/mg MLSS, respectively, when the ammonia-nitrogen concentration increased within the same range. Microbial inhibition could also be substantiated by a decrease of specific oxygen uptake rate (SOUR) from 68 to 45 mg O2/g MLSS. These results suggested leachate containing high-strength ammonia-nitrogen should be pretreated to an acceptable NH4+-N level before it is fed into biological reactors. 相似文献
109.
微好氧颗粒污泥工艺降解五氯酚的实验研究 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
微好氧颗粒污泥工艺能够同时进行好氧氧化和厌氧还原过程,是处理五氯酚(PCP)的理想方法。对影响好氧颗粒污泥降解PCP的因素水力学上升流速、碱加入量以及水力停留时间进行考察。结果表明,水力学上升流速为4.58m/h,进水NaHCO3浓度为900mg/L,水力停留时间为24h时,处理效果比较好。 相似文献
110.
A laboratory experiment was conducted to test whether anti-predator responses could be induced in the green mussel, Perna viridis, on exposure to waterborne cues from two predators, the muricid gastropod, Thais clavigera, and the portunid crab, Thalamita danae, and from damaged conspecifics. There were five treatments in this study. Aquaria of two treatments housed either Thalamita danae or Thais clavigera. Another three treatments housed only intact mussels, broken and intact mussels, or no mussels. No significant differences were found among these five treatments in final shell weight and tissue dry weight. Induced defensive responses were predator-specific. Experimental mussels exposed to waterborne cues of T. clavigera had a higher percentage increase in shell length, height and width, whereas those exposed to waterborne cues of T. danae had a higher percentage increase in shell width and height. Mussels raised in the presence of crabs developed thicker shell at the umbo and lip margin, whereas mussels raised in the presence of gastropods had thicker shell lip. Predator preference for mussels from the control group and for those pre-exposed to waterborne cues of either of the predators was studied. T. clavigera preferentially selected mussels from the control group, whereas no prey preference was found for T. danae, although shell breaking time for mussels exposed to a crab was longer than that for the control. While the present results should be viewed with caution in the absence of a dietary control, this was the first time that prey handling was shown to be affected by defensive changes in the morphology of mussels.Communicated by T. Ikeda, Hakodate 相似文献