Cytochrome p450 induction and gonadal status alteration in common carp (Cyprinus carpio) associated with the discharge of dioxin contaminated effluent to the Hikiji River,Kanagawa Prefecture,Japan

Accumulations of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins, dibenzofurans and coplanar polychlorinated biphenyls were analyzed in common carp (Cyprinus carpio) collected in the Hikiji River, Kanagawa Prefecture, Japan in which dioxin contaminated effluent was released during the period starting from November 1992 to March 2000. Higher levels of 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxin toxic equivalents were observed in carps collected downstream to the dioxin release site (contaminated site) than the reference site. Modulations of cytochrome p450 (CYP) enzyme in liver, serum estrogen concentration and gonadal somatic index (GSI) were also measured as biomarkers for the contaminants. Total CYP content in livers was markedly higher in male and female carps from the contaminated site relative to the reference site fish. The expression level of the cytochrome p450 1A and Ethoxyresorufin O-deethylase activity were significantly higher in female carps from the contaminated site than from the reference site. A lower level of plasma estrogen was observed in carps from the contaminated site. The GSI in female carps from the contaminated site was smaller than that recorded at the reference site. The present study indicates that dioxins released to the Hikiji River might induce the CYP enzyme and inhibit the reproductive functions in common carps dwelling downstream from the release site.     

盘式曝气器的结构优化设计

盘式曝气器是目前城市污水处理厂主要采用的曝气设备之一.但目前盘式曝气器存在充氧能力低、阻力损失大、使用寿命短等技术问题,增加了城市污水处理厂运行成本,降低了运行效能.针对这些问题,对盘式曝气器进行了结构优化设计.通过结构优化,既改善了曝气器的抗撕裂性和自闭性,同时又提高了充氧能力,降低了曝气阻力损失.     

可张孔曝气器曝气能耗试验研究

通过试验研究,总结出可张孔曝气阻力损失的影响因素,以优化产品的结构设计参数,降低产品在工程应用中的能耗,获取更好的经济效益。     

An alternative supercritical fluid extraction system for aqueous matrices and its application in pesticides residue analysis

Supercritical fluid extraction (SFE) is a rapid and convenient method for the isolation of organic compounds from environmental samples. This paper describes a supercritical carbon dioxide (CO2) extraction system that uses a newly designed extraction cell to recover organic compounds from an aqueous matrix. Analysis of the extracts by gas chromatography-electron capture detector (GC-ECD) indicated that the herbicide trifluralin (2,6-dinitro-N,N-dipropyl-4-trifluoromethylaniline) could be quantitatively extracted by using the SFE system proposed with small amounts of sample. The percentage of recovery obtained with the SFE system described was twice as high as the result obtained using a conventional solid-phase extraction technique. Extraction by SFE was completed in a short period of time using a simple and low-cost home-made system that did not require the use of organic solvents.     

Solventless sample preparation for pesticides analysis in environmental water samples using solid-phase microextraction-high resolution gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (SPME-HRGC/MS)

Solid-phase micro-extraction (SPME) coupled on line with high resolution gas chromatography and mass spectrometric detection is described for the analysis of pesticides in environmental water samples. Experiments were performed in order to optimize the SPME extraction conditions for selected pesticides including tiomethon, trichorfon, dimethoate, diazinon, malathion, dicofol, methidathion, ethion, bromopropylate and pyrazophos from spiked water solutions. To enhance the SPME efficiency, experimental conditions including the fiber composition, stirring rate, temperature, adsorption time, desorption time and salt concentration were optimized. After validation, the SPME-GC/MS methodology was applied to real-world environmental water samples.     

Effects of heavy metals on growth and arsenic accumulation in the arsenic hyperaccumulator Pteris vittata L

The effects of Cd, Ni, Pb, and Zn on arsenic accumulation by the arsenic hyperaccumulator Pteris vittata were investigated in a greenhouse study. P. vittata was grown for 8 weeks in an arsenic-contaminated soil (131 mg As kg(-1)), which was spiked with 50 or 200 mg kg(-1) Cd, Ni, Pb, or Zn (as nitrates). P. vittata was effective in taking up arsenic (up to 4100 mg kg(-1)) and transporting it to the fronds, but little of the metals. Arsenic bioconcentration factors ranged from 14 to 36 and transfer factors ranged from 16 to 56 in the presence of the metals, both of which were reduced with increasing metal concentration. Fern biomass increased as much as 12 times compared to the original dry weight after 8 weeks of growth (up to 19 g per plant). Greater concentrations of Cd, Ni, and Pb resulted in greater catalase activity in the plant. Most of the arsenic in the plant was present as arsenite, the reduced form, indicating little impact of the metals on plant arsenic reduction. This research demonstrates the capability of P. vittata in hyperaccumulating arsenic from soils in the presence of heavy metals.     

Comparison of the effects of aluminum and iron(Ⅲ) salts on ultrafiltration membrane biofouling in drinking water treatment

Coagulation plays an important role in alleviating membrane fouling, and a noticeable problem is the development of microorganisms after long-time operation, which gradually secrete extracellular polymeric substances(EPS). To date, few studies have paid attention to the behavior of microorganisms in drinking water treatment with ultrafiltration(UF)membranes. Herein, the membrane biofouling was investigated with different aluminum and iron salts. We found that Al_2(SO_4)_3·18 H_2O performed better in reducing membrane fouling due to the slower growth rate of microorganisms. In comparison to Al_2(SO_4)_3·18H_2O,more EPS were induced with Fe_2(SO_4)_3·x18H_2O, both in the membrane tank and the sludge on the cake layer. We also found that bacteria were the major microorganisms, of which the concentration was much higher than those of fungi and archaea. Further analyses showed that Proteobacteria was dominant in bacterial communities, which caused severe membrane fouling by forming a biofilm, especially for Fe_2(SO_4)_3·x18H_2O. Additionally, the abundances of Bacteroidetes and Verrucomicrobia were relatively higher in the presence of Al_2(SO_4)_3·18 H_2O,resulting in less severe biofouling by effectively degrading the protein and polysaccharide in EPS. As a result, in terms of microorganism behaviors, Al-based salts should be given preference as coagulants during actual operations.     

高校学生公寓应急疏散模拟与优化

运用应急疏散软件Pathfinder对某高校学生公寓的人员疏散进行了模拟,结果表明,休息时间段内公寓发生的突发事件更容易造成人员疏散运动时间的延长;同等条件下女生比男生所需要的人员疏散运动时间更长。通过合理规划疏散路线,对原有模型进行了优化,并使用人员疏散运动时间和单位有效疏散宽度使用率两个指标,来定量对比优化前后人员疏散的均衡度和疏散效果,给高校学生公寓的应急和安全管理工作提供参考。     

军用飞机结构类型聚类分析

选取某型飞机16个典型结构,采用温、湿度测量仪测量其局部温、湿度,测量周期为2个月,分别获得673个有效温、湿度实测数据。根据实测数据,采用模糊聚类算法对飞机结构类型进行归并分析,当模糊矩阵阈值λ=0．7时,飞机结构类型可归并为开式、半开式、封闭式3种典型结构形式。     

把握房地产开发建设项目竣工环保验收监测工作的重要环节

以南京市房地产开发项目环保验收监测中具体作法为实例,总结归纳了此类项目环境保护验收监测工作中现场勘察、产污环节、监测因子等重要环节的内容。