PIXGRO: A model for simulating the ecosystem CO2 exchange and growth of spring barley

A model, PIXGRO, developed by coupling a canopy flux sub-model (PROXEL_NEE; PROcess-based piXEL Net Ecosystem CO₂ Exchange) to a vegetation structure submodel (CGRO), for simulating both net ecosystem CO₂ exchange (NEE) and growth of spring barley is described. PIXGRO is an extension of the stand-level CO₂ and H₂O-flux model PROXEL_NEE, that simulates the NEE on a process basis, but goes further to include the dry matter production, partitioning, and crop development for spring barley. Dry matter partitioned to the leaf was converted to leaf area index (LAI) using relationships for the specific leaf area (SLA). The canopy flux component, PROXEL_NEE was calibrated using information from the literature on C3 plants and was tested using CO₂ flux data from an eddy-covariance (EC) method in Finland with long-term observations. The growth component (CGRO) was calibrated using data from the literature on spring barley as well as data from the Finland site. It was then validated against field data from two sites in Germany and partly via the use of MODIS remotely sensed LAI from the Finland site.Both the diurnal and the seasonal patterns of gross CO₂ uptake were very well simulated (R² = 0.92). A slight seasonal bias may be attributed to leaf ageing. Crop growth was also well simulated; simulated dry matter agreed with field observed data from Germany (R² = 0.90). For LAI, the agreement between the simulated and observed was good (R² = 0.80), giving an indication that functions describing the conversion of fixed CO₂ to dry matter and the subsequent partitioning leaf dry matter and LAI simulation were robust and provided reliable estimates.The MODIS LAI at a resolution of 1000 m agreed poorly (R² = 0.45) with the PIXGRO simulated LAI and the observed LAI at the Finland site in 2001. We attributed this to the coarse resolution of the image and/or the small size of the barley field (about 17 ha or 0.25 km²) at the Finland site. By deriving a regression relation between the observed LAI and NDVI from a higher resolution MODIS (500 m resolution), the MODIS-recalculated LAI agreed better with the PIXGRO-simulated LAI (R² = 0.86).PIXGRO provides a prototype model bridging the disciplines of plant physiology, crop modeling and remote sensing, for use in a spatial context in evaluating carbon balances and plant growth at stand level, landscape, regional, and with some care, continental scales. Since almost 50% of the European land surface is covered by crops, such a model is needed for the dynamic estimation of LAI and NEE of croplands.     

高压脉冲放电等离子体活化NH3还原去除NO

NO如直接排放会引起酸雨、光化学烟雾等一系列大气环境问题,采用高压脉冲放电等离子体活化NH3还原去除NO,这种新方法结合了脉冲放电等离子体技术和催化还原技术的优点来提高NO的去除率。采用浸渍法制备催化剂V2O5/TiO2,用NH3作为还原气体,升温的同时利用针头作为阳极,大地作为阴极进行放电处理。结果表明,在有氧条件下(含氧量为10%),当V2O5含量为4.5%,温度为310℃,脉冲电源电压在14000～22000V变化时,NO的去除率可达95.3%。还探讨了放电等离子体活化NH3去除NO的机理。     

碳酸盐对铜离子在黄土中吸持及形态影响的实验研究

选用黄土和重金属Cu为研究对象，通过等温吸持实验和Tessier形态提取实验，研究了碳酸盐对铜离子在黄土中吸持及形态的影响。结果表明：黄土去除碳酸盐后，其吸持铜离子的量大幅度降低；碳酸盐结合态、铁锰氧化物结合态和有机质结合态铜含量明显降低，而可交换态铜含量显著增加。     

Atmospheric aerosol concentration level and chemical characteristics of water-soluble ionic species in wintertime in Beijing,China

Total suspended particulate (TSP) samples were collected during wintertime from November 24, 1998 to February 12, 1999 in Beijing. Ionic species including Cl-, NO3(-), SO4(2-), Na+, NH4(+), K+, Mg2+ and Ca2+ were determined by Ion Chromatography (IC). The sum average concentration of all the determined ions accounted for 18.9% of the TSP concentration, and SO4(2-) appeared the dominant ion with an average concentration of 30.84 microg m(-3); the sum mass concentration of SO4(2-), NO3(-), Ca2+ and NH4(+) accounted for about 83.2% of all the eight ions measured. The study indicated that the chemical form of sulfate and ammonium varies with TSP concentration levels. During heavy pollution periods, the average TSP concentration was 0.66 mg m(-3), and the NH4(+)/SO4(2-) molar ratio was low (0.58). It indicated that sulfate may present as CaSO4 and (NH4)2SO4 x CaSO4 x 2H2O. When TSP concentration (average 0.186 mg m(-3)) was relatively low, the NH4(+)/SO4(2-) molar ratio was 1.94, close to the theoretical ratio of 2 of (NH4)2SO4. Under this condition (NH4)2SO4 is expected to exist as the major form of sulfate. When the TSP concentration level was medium (average 0.35 mg m(-3)), the NH4+/SO4(2-) molar ratio appeared an average value (1.27), (NH4)2SO4, (NH4)2SO4 x CaSO4 x 2H2O and CaSO4 are expected to be present in those aerosol particles. Meteorological conditions including wind speed and wind direction were related to the TSP concentration level.     

The displaced poor and resettlement policies in bangladesh

Bangladesh is a land of natural disasters. Every year the country is affected by flood, riverbank erosion, drought, coastal cyclone and tornado. Riverbank erosion alone displaces an estimated one million people annually. Based on research carried out in Bangladesh in 1984–85, this paper critically examines resettlement options of the displaced poor in the light of existing policies for developing more effective short and long-term resettlement and development strategies .     

铁路职工糖尿病流行病学调查分析

为进一步精准开展糖尿病防控提供依据,采用分层整群抽样的方法对某地区铁路职工体检情况进行调查分析。结果表明:糖尿病患病率为14.96%,知晓率为24.46%,糖尿病前期患病率为30.03%;糖尿病前期和新诊断糖尿病患者中,单纯糖负荷后2 h血糖升高者分别占91.22%和74.29%;确诊的糖尿病人HbA1c控制率为30.86%。说明该地区铁路职工糖尿病发病率较高,知晓率低,控制率低;应重视糖负荷后2 h血糖检测;建立"疾病预防控制所+职工单位+职工"防控机制,以有效防控糖尿病。     

高梯度磁分离除尘实验研究

通过对强磁性粉尘的磁分离实验研究 ,确定了影响除尘效率的主要因素及其影响规律。然后 ,通过正交实验得出高梯度磁分离除尘的最佳工艺条件。     

微好氧颗粒污泥工艺降解五氯酚的实验研究

微好氧颗粒污泥工艺能够同时进行好氧氧化和厌氧还原过程,是处理五氯酚(PCP)的理想方法.对影响好氧颗粒污泥降解PCP的因素水力学上升流速、碱加入量以及水力停留时间进行考察.结果表明,水力学上升流速为4.58 m/h,进水NaHCO3浓度为900mg/L,水力停留时间为24 h时,处理效果比较好.     

Uptake and distribution of rare earth elements in rice seeds cultured in fertilizer solution of rare earth elements

The uptake behavior of rare earth elements (REEs) under pot conditions using deionized water and a REE fertilizer solution as the culture media as well as the distribution of REEs in rice proteins were studied. The uptake of REEs in rice seeds increased dramatically after a lag period of approximately three days. Roots can accumulate a much higher content of REEs than germs and the resting seeds. The REE content in each water-soluble (albumin) and salt-soluble (globulin) component of the rice seeds accounted for 5-8% and 4-6% of the total REEs, respectively. However, there are less than 1.5% of the total REEs were found in the alcohol-soluble (prolamin) and acetic acid-soluble (glutelin) components. The high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) in the gel permeation and the reserved-phase were used to monitor changes in the molecular weight distribution changes of the soluble proteins of rice seeds during germination after having been cultured in the same solution for seven days. No changes occurred in the prolamin, while a slight change occurred in the albumin, globulin and glutelin. Fractionation of the albumin of rice seeds cultured in a REE fertilizer solution on the Sephadex G-100 column indicated that REEs, especially Ce, La, Pr and Nd, were associated mainly with biological compounds of a molecular weight between 10,000 and 12,000.     

无机抗菌剂在建筑涂料中的应用研究

研究了5种无机抗菌剂：锌型沸石抗菌剂、银型沸石抗菌剂、氧化锌晶须复合抗菌剂、纳米TiO2光催化抗菌剂和Ca10-x-yTixZny（PO4）6（OH）2复合抗菌剂在涂料中的应用.以对大肠杆菌（E.coli）的灭菌效果评价抗菌性能.结果表明：锌型抗菌涂料的抗菌效果较差,后4种类型抗菌涂料具有很好抗菌效果.但是,银型抗菌剂和氧化锌晶须复合抗菌剂在涂料中存在易引起涂料变色和难分散问题;纳米TiO2光催化型抗菌剂在涂料中易加快涂料老化;而Ca10-x-yTixZny（PO4）6（OH）2复合抗菌剂既具有良好的抗菌性能,又对涂料的基本性能没有影响,它能够应用到抗菌涂料中.