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241.
PHOSPHATE IN WATERS: II. PLANT AVAILABILITY OF LIGNITE FLY ASH EXTRACTED FORMS IN GREENHOUSE TRIALS1
Paul D. Weeldreyer Lawrence O. Fine 《Journal of the American Water Resources Association》1981,17(6):1083-1085
ABSTRACT: Orthophosphate P was removed from municipal waste water, lake waters, and P-spiked solutions by contact with fly ash from lignite burning electric power generating plants. The recovered ash was increased in total P content 3-fold, and Bray No. 1 soluble P, 9-fold. Phosphorus enriched ash so prepared was used in greenhouse trials with sand or soil as the major substrate material. Recovery of added P by barley plants ranged from 3 to 26 percent in the sand cultures and from 2 to 17 percent for soil cultures. Phosphorus contained in normal ash was partially available to barley under the conditions of these experiments. High B and the pozzolanic effect induced by ash reduced plant growth significantly. 相似文献
242.
Lawrence K. Wang George G. Peery 《Journal of the American Water Resources Association》1975,11(5):919-932
ABSTRACT: The most common disinfection method is chlorination, however, it has been known that the practice of chlorination for water treatment in the Mississippi River area has caused a significant increase in mortality. The objective of this research was to search for effective disinfectants to replace chlorine. Three cationic surfactants have been tested for their bactericidal properties under various conditions. It has been found that 1 mg of cetyldimethyl-benzylammonium chloride can destroy about 4500 coliforms in one liter water within 10 minutes, under neutral pH conditions and room temperature. Cationic quaternary ammonium compound, therefore, can be a potential candidate disinfectant for replacing chlorine when necessary. 相似文献
243.
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245.
Hanning RM Sandhu R MacMillan A Moss L Tsuji LJ Nieboer E 《Journal of environmental monitoring : JEM》2003,5(2):241-245
Exposure to Pb in-utero and in infancy has been associated with cognitive risk, even at low blood Pb levels of 0.48-0.96 micromol L(-1). Based on the hypothesis that wild game consumed by First Nation women of Mushkegowuk Territory contains Pb that might be transferred through blood or breast-milk to the fetus or infant, the study's objectives were to describe: (1) Pb in maternal and cord blood at birth and infant blood at 4 months, and (2) dietary influence on Pb status. Cord and maternal Pb were 0.10 +/- 0.08 and 0.11 +/- 0.06 micromol L(-1) (x +/- SD), respectively, and were significantly correlated (r = 0.77, p < 0.0001, n = 70), as was infant blood Pb (0.08 +/- 0.05 micromol L(-1)) with matched cord blood (r = 0.65, p < 0.0001, n = 30). Two cord blood samples (3%) were above 0.48 micromol L(-1). Pb in breast-milk at 0.010 +/- 0.008 micromol L(-1) (n = 25), was significantly lower than Pb in commercial formula or evaporated milk-based feedings (range 0.02-0.05 micromol L(-1), p < 0.05), and correlated with matched maternal blood Pb (r = 0.55, p < 0.005). However, in a sub-sample of infants (n = 31), blood Pb was similar for breastfed and formula-fed groups, though above the evaporated milk-fed group (p < 0.05). Maternal consumption of wild fowl, mammals and fish, estimated from the previous year, provided, respectively, 128 +/- 124, 46 +/- 68 and 8 +/- 13 MJ annum(-1). Traditional animal food intake, especially wild fowl, correlated significantly with cord blood Pb (Spearman rank correlation, p = 0.017). Although blood and milk Pb levels were largely within acceptable ranges, the presence of some elevated levels and association between blood Pb and traditional game consumption may reflect the legacy of using lead-containing ammunition. 相似文献
246.
Quantifying natural resource injuries and ecological service reductions: challenges and opportunities 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
The natural resource damage assessment (NRDA) provisions of the Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation, and Liability
Act (CERCLA) and the Oil Pollution Act (OPA) are complex and have been difficult to implement. The complexity and difficulty
in implementation arise both from the assessment procedures specified in agency NRDA guidance and from the limited ability
of ecologists to quantify impacts of hazardous substances on natural resources. This paper explores the scientific aspects
of NRDA implementation, and discusses conceptual and methodological relationships between NRDA and the much broader field
of ecological risk assessment (ERA). We discuss three critical components of the NRDA assessment approach: measuring natural
resource injuries and reductions in resource services; evaluating causality; and establishing baseline conditions. We identify
(1) specific approaches drawn from ERA practice that could improve each of these components, and (2) research needs and institutional
changes that may improve the ability of the NRDA process to achieve its stated objectives. We recommend the acceleration of
the ongoing dialogue among NRDA practitioners from the Trustee and PRP communities as a first step toward resolving the procedural
and technical deficiencies of the NRDA process. 相似文献
247.
Lawrence Busch 《Journal of Agricultural and Environmental Ethics》2003,16(5):459-477
Some 2000 years ago, Virgil wroteThe Georgics, a political tract on Romanagriculture in the form of a poem. Today, as aresult of rising global trade in food andagricultural products, growing economicconcentration, the merging of food andpharmacy, chronic obesity in the midst ofhunger, and new disease and pest vectors, weare in need of a new Georgics that addressesthe two key issues of our time: vigilance andvoice. On the one hand, vigilance must becentral to a new Georgics. Enforceablestandards for food safety, food quality,environmental protection, worker health andsafety, sanitary and phytosanitaryrequirements, animal welfare, and appellationsmust be addressed. On the other hand, a newGeorgics must increase the range of persons whohave voice in the democratic governance of anew global agrifood system. New organizationsand institutions will be needed to accomplishthis task. 相似文献
248.
Marca Weinberg Cathy A. Lawrence Jamie D. Anderson Jonathan R. Randall Luis W. Botsford Curtis J. Loeb Cedric S. Tadokoro Gerald T. Orlob Paul Sabatier 《Journal of the American Water Resources Association》2002,38(2):367-384
ABSTRACT: This paper brings together spatially and temporally explicit mechanistic models of hydrodynamic, water quality, and ecological processes with an economic model to examine water management alternatives for California's Sacramento River and Delta ecosystem, a large‐scale watershed. Overallocated water supplies in most years, combined with increasing demand for water for environmental purposes, have created a politically charged atmosphere and a need for quantitative assessment of the implications of policy alternatives. By developing and analyzing a common set of policy scenarios, this integrated framework allows us to consider tradeoffs between agricultural economic factors, water quality, and population dynamics for two at‐risk fish species. We analyze two rather extreme types of policy options; one involves structural modifications to change the flow of water within the watershed but no change in water diversions, while the other reallocates water from agricultural users to fish and wildlife. Results suggest that substantial environmental improvements could be made at a relatively modest cost to farmers (1 to 4 percent reductions in revenues) but that those costs could be significant locally. In addition to tradeoffs between farmers and environmental interests, results suggest that policy makers may need to balance competing environmental objectives. 相似文献
249.
Lawrence Busch 《Journal of Agricultural and Environmental Ethics》2002,15(1):17-29
Today there is considerable disagreement between the US and the EU with respect to food safety standards. Issues include GMOs, beef hormones, unpasteurized cheese, etc. In general, it is usually asserted that Europeans argue for the precautionary principle (with exceptions such as the Sanitary and Phytosanitary Agreement where ``substantial equivalence,' a form of familiarity, is used) while Americans defend risk analysis or what is sometimes described as the familiarityprinciple. This is not to suggest that EUmember countries agree on how the precautionaryprinciple should be applied; considerabledifferences exist among nations as will benoted below.In this paper I review both positionsarguing that they are best understood asvariants of the homiletics of risk rather thanas differing scientific positions. I concludethat while science must necessarily enter intothe formulation of food and agriculturalstandards, state policy, private economicinterests, and the interface between the two(e.g., when democratic states are successfullylobbied to support particular privateinterests), play important roles in determininghow particular risks will be treated. Moreover,I argue that the role of science mustnecessarily be limited if its credibility is tobe preserved. 相似文献
250.
Part‐time professional employees represent an increasingly important social category that challenges traditional assumptions about the relationships between space, time, and professional work. In this article, we examine both the historical emergence of part‐time professional work and the dynamics of its integration into contemporary organizations. Professional employment has historically been associated with being continuously available to one's organization, and contemporary professional jobs often bear the burden of that legacy as they are typically structured in ways that assume full‐time (and greater) commitments of time to the organization. Because part‐time status directly confronts that tradition, professionals wishing to work part‐time may face potentially resistant work cultures. The heterogeneity of contemporary work cultures and tasks, however, presents a wide variety of levels and forms of resistance to part‐time professionals. In this paper, we develop a theoretical model that identifies characteristics of local work contexts that lead to the acceptance or marginalization of part‐time professionals. Specifically, we focus on the relationship between a work culture's dominant interaction rituals and their effects on co‐workers' and managers' reactions to part‐time professionals. We then go on to examine the likely responses of part‐time professionals to marginalization, based on their access to organizational resources and their motivation to engage in strategies that challenge the status quo. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献