脱硝催化剂的失活机理及其再生技术

采用SEM、XRD和XRF对电厂失活脱硝催化剂进行表征,探讨其失活原因和机理。结果表明:电厂脱硝催化剂失活的主要原因是活性组分V的流失及碱金属K、碱土金属Ca和As元素造成的催化剂中毒,烟气中飞灰的沉积也有一定的影响。经吹扫、水洗、酸洗和V负载再生,催化剂的各项物化性质基本恢复,NOx转化率基本达到新鲜催化剂的水平。水洗主要去除催化剂中的碱金属,酸洗主要去除As2O3,负载V补充催化剂活性组分。V再生催化剂在较高温度下的抗硫性能更好。     

河南马沟洞石笋记录的早中全新世气候和环境变化

基于河南省禹州市马沟洞2支石笋(MG-1与MG-40)24个~(230)Th年龄和1988个氧同位素数据,建立了研究区13.1—4.9 ka BP分辨率为2—14 a的石笋氧同位素时间序列。马沟洞石笋δ~(18)O的时间序列揭示季风降水在11.2—9.1 ka BP时段在波动中逐渐增加,9.1—4.9 ka BP季风降水显著波动但无明显长期趋势变化。YD事件、9.3 ka事件、8.2 ka事件记录与其他石笋δ~(18)O记录的一致性揭示末次冰消期—早全新世百年—千年尺度气候突变事件的大范围存在和共同的驱动因子。马沟洞全新世大暖期的δ~(18)O记录中检测出的13个数十年尺度的弱季风事件进一步证实全新世大暖期气候的不稳定性。与大气⊿~(14)C记录、NGRIP冰芯δ~(18)O记录的对比及周期分析揭示,太阳活动引起的太阳辐射变化和北半球高纬气候状况共同影响着亚洲季风的变化,ENSO活动及气候系统内部的相互作用也对东亚夏季风降水产生重要的影响。     

Cleaner tanning practices for tannery pollution abatement: Role of enzymes in eco-friendly vegetable tanning

Concern about pollution related problems in the global scenario are persuading all the processing industries to adopt cleaner manufacturing practices. Thus, the leather industry is also under pressure to look for effective alternative tanning materials for chromium. Natural products like vegetable tannins are regaining importance. However, there are limitations in the use of vegetable tanning materials because of its high organic load in the effluent, which are difficult to degrade leading to high chemical oxygen demand (COD). Moreover, conventional vegetable tanning process requires partial pickling that involves the use of sodium chloride, to suppress osmotic swelling. This results in very high amount of total dissolved solid (TDS) content in wastewaters. In this investigation, an attempt has been made to design an eco-friendly vegetable tanning process combining pickle-free tanning and application of proteolytic enzymes to improve the exhaustion of vegetable tannins. Such an approach has resulted in more than 95% tannin exhaustion in the case of the experimental process, an increase of 10% compared with the conventional vegetable tanning process. The tanned leathers showed slight improvement in hydrothermal stability. Physical and tactile evaluation of experimental leathers has been better than conventionally tanned leathers. Surface colour values illustrated negligible variation in colour and shade between control and experimental leathers. The resultant leather showed opened up, split compact fibre structure that has been well coated, indicating that the enzyme assisted tanning process did not bring about any major change or destruction on the fibre structure of the leathers. The optimized system has been field tested in a commercial tannery. The results showed that the enzyme assisted tanning process is efficient in terms of improved quality of leather and also led to reduction in total solids (TS), chlorides and COD loads. The enzyme assisted tanning system presented appears to be a viable option for combating pollution arising from the conventional vegetable tanning system.     

Catchment-wide assessment of the cost-effectiveness of stormwater remediation measures in urban areas

The cost effectiveness of catchment-wide funding for the environmental remediation of urban waterways on the scale of a major metropolitan catchment is examined considering the typical land-use and pollutant-export characteristics of urban catchments. The evaluation is performed by comparing the effectiveness of the major stormwater treatment modes for the pollutants of concern with the proportion of pollutant export to which the measure applies. The heavy metals copper, lead, and zinc in the aqueous phase or bound to fine particulates are identified as representative of the pollutants of concern in drainage from urban catchments. The analysis suggests that these priority pollutants are predominantly (79–87%) derived from runoff from residential property and roads as disseminated urban surfaces. Analysis of a specific case of catchment-wide funding of stormwater remediation in the Sydney Harbour catchment, Australia reveals that the funding allocation cannot be expected to have achieved reductions in the loads of priority pollutants due to the types of treatment measures implemented and the sources addressed. The apportionment of funding in better accordance with the maximum potential effectiveness of stormwater treatment modes and the pollutant-export characteristics of urban catchments could thus be expected to achieve a more cost-effective result from such funding initiatives.     

Invasion versus Isolation: Trade-Offs in Managing Native Salmonids with Barriers to Upstream Movement

Abstract: Conservation biologists often face the trade‐off that increasing connectivity in fragmented landscapes to reduce extinction risk of native species can foster invasion by non‐native species that enter via the corridors created, which can then increase extinction risk. This dilemma is acute for stream fishes, especially native salmonids, because their populations are frequently relegated to fragments of headwater habitat threatened by invasion from downstream by 3 cosmopolitan non‐native salmonids. Managers often block these upstream invasions with movement barriers, but isolation of native salmonids in small headwater streams can increase the threat of local extinction. We propose a conceptual framework to address this worldwide problem that focuses on 4 main questions. First, are populations of conservation value present (considering evolutionary legacies, ecological functions, and socioeconomic benefits as distinct values)? Second, are populations vulnerable to invasion and displacement by non‐native salmonids? Third, would these populations be threatened with local extinction if isolated with barriers? And, fourth, how should management be prioritized among multiple populations? We also developed a conceptual model of the joint trade‐off of invasion and isolation threats that considers the opportunities for managers to make strategic decisions. We illustrated use of this framework in an analysis of the invasion‐isolation trade‐off for native cutthroat trout (Oncorhynchus clarkii) in 2 contrasting basins in western North America where invasion and isolation are either present and strong or farther away and apparently weak. These cases demonstrate that decisions to install or remove barriers to conserve native salmonids are often complex and depend on conservation values, environmental context (which influences the threat of invasion and isolation), and additional socioeconomic factors. Explicit analysis with tools such as those we propose can help managers make sound decisions in such complex circumstances.     

A new hypothesis concerning the nature of small pelagic fish clusters: An individual-based modelling study of Sardinella aurita dynamics off West Africa

Coastal populations of small pelagic fish display nested aggregation levels. Above the level of the school structure, clusters are observed the nature of which has not been definitively determined. We hypothesized that these clusters corresponded to a materialisation of the microcohorts originating from successive spawnings of fish populations in their vital domain.A candidate individual-based model was developed to investigate this hypothesis. This model is based on pattern-oriented modelling of a concrete documented case: the dynamics of the round sardinella (Sardinella aurita) population living off the West African coasts and subject to environmental fluctuations caused by seasonal upwelling. The simulated agents were round sardinella microcohorts situated and moving in a discretised physical environment. The combined effects of environmental forcing (temperature, wind, retention) and inner biological dynamics (reproduction, growth and mortality, competition) condition the dynamics of this population.The modelled behaviour generated realistic dynamic patterns (population distribution, spawning zones, periods and plasticity, biomass fluctuations), which were obtained simultaneously and successfully compared with observations. The steady-state number of microcohorts obtained after simulation convergence was similar to the number of clusters observed in situ in this area for this population.The realism and diversity of the patterns simultaneously simulated suggested the cluster-microcohort equivalence hypothesis as a candidate framework accounting for the origin of the clusters observed in situ. Within this preliminary exploration, we discuss the consistency of the hypothesis and the accuracy of the model. If the correspondence between clusters and microcohorts proves to be real, it may be transient and progressively modified by other environmental factors. If stable over time, as simulated in the model, the number of observed clusters should be related to the number of spawning events in the species’ lifetime.     

大规模风电接入电网的机组组合问题研究

伴随着风力发电规模的日益增加,风电并网需求量增大,大电网环境下与之相适应的火电机组的启停组合经济调度问题显得特别突出。针对此问题,通过对离散二进制粒子群算法进行优化改进,采用等耗量微增率迭代法整合优化方案,用于解决火电机组启停组合经济调度问题。仿真结果表明:该方案接近最优,在满足电力系统约束条件下得出的机组组合方式能够使得总运行费用最低,能够根据风电具体预测信息,为电网接入的火电机组经济调度提供可靠依据。     

微电网中典型分布式电源建模及控制策略研究

为了实现对微电网的电压与功率的控制,针对微电源类型的差异性,通过对光伏及燃料电池等分布式电源建立数学模型并进行仿真分析,研究其对微电网的影响。提出了基于电压外环、电流内环和功率环等反馈控制器和改进的下垂控制方法的微电网分布式电源分层控制策略。利用 Matlab/simulink 仿真系统,通过在并网和孤岛两种模式中微电网的运行特性及各分布式电源在不同工作环境下微电网的功率、频率和电压曲线的变化规律的分析,验证了分层控制策略的有效性。结果表明:分层控制策略能够使各分布式电源之间较好地协调,满足微电网对其运行稳定性和电能质量的要求。