广东英德宝晶宫洞穴微环境时空变化特征及其主要影响因素探究

为进一步了解洞穴微环境与气候环境指标之间的相互联系,本文以广东英德宝晶宫溶洞为研究对象,对洞穴空气温度、相对湿度、CO_2浓度进行了为期42个月(2011年12月~2015年5月)实地监测,结果发现宝晶宫洞穴微环境存在明显的时空变化:近洞口处洞穴微环境季节性变化特征明显,而洞穴深处微环境季节变化显著变弱。洞穴微环境的变化主要受到外界气候和天气的变化以及通风效应的影响,前者是导致洞穴微环境季节性变化的主要原因,后者是导致洞穴微环境变化具有空间差异性的主要原因。此外洞穴结构和旅游活动也会对洞穴微环境变化产生影响。本研究结果表明,洞穴通风作用是影响洞穴微环境变化的重要过程之一,其对洞穴沉积气候环境指标的影响可能值得今后进一步深入研究。     

Importance of Accounting for Detection Heterogeneity When Estimating Abundance: the Case of French Wolves

Abstract: Assessing conservation strategies requires reliable estimates of abundance. Because detecting all individuals is most often impossible in free‐ranging populations, estimation procedures have to account for a <1 detection probability. Capture–recapture methods allow biologists to cope with this issue of detectability. Nevertheless, capture–recapture models for open populations are built on the assumption that all individuals share the same detection probability, although detection heterogeneity among individuals has led to underestimating abundance of closed populations. We developed multievent capture–recapture models for an open population and proposed an associated estimator of population size that both account for individual detection heterogeneity (IDH). We considered a two‐class mixture model with weakly and highly detectable individuals to account for IDH. In a noninvasive capture–recapture study of wolves we based on genotypes identified in feces and hairs, we found a large underestimation of population size (27% on average) occurred when IDH was ignored.     

外源Mn(Ⅱ)对菹草(Potamogeton crispus L.)生长及其铁锰含量的影响

菹草(Potamogeton crispus L.)对于富营养化水体具有良好的修复作用,而锰可能是沉水植物菹草恢复过程中的营养限制性因子之一. 采用浅水湖泊(武汉汤逊湖和南湖)沉积物培养菹草,研究外源Mn(Ⅱ)对菹草生物量,w(总叶绿素)及铁、锰吸收量〔m(Mn)和m(Fe)〕的影响. 结果表明:Mn(Ⅱ)对菹草生长具有促进作用;添加Mn(Ⅱ)和不添加Mn(Ⅱ)的菹草上述各项指标值差异显著;无论是否添加Mn(Ⅱ),菹草茎叶m(Mn)与m(Fe)均呈高度正相关,菹草对Fe和Mn的吸收未表现出拮抗作用,且在菹草生长周期内,其茎叶锰铁比〔w(Mn)/w(Fe)〕保持在0.03～0.07的较低水平,与陆生植物对Fe和Mn的吸收机制存在明显差异.      

浅析涂层型电磁屏蔽室工程施工与应用

主要阐述了电磁辐射的危害以及针对建筑物实施电磁屏蔽的必要性.根据电磁屏蔽的基本原理,详细介绍了采用电磁屏蔽涂料对主要建筑物进行电磁屏蔽施工时采取的技术手段,主要包括建筑物基层、门窗、通风、通电的处理方法.最后,对涂层型电磁屏蔽室的屏蔽效能测试与后期维护提出具体要求.     

黄河流域人居环境的地方性与适应性：挑战和机遇

黄河流域由于自然环境、地理区位的特殊性,其人居环境处于不断变化的复杂过程中,并且始终面临着严峻挑战。而人居环境空间与自然、社会各要素的耦合过程,源于人地关系变化进程中呈现出的动态、综合、系统性的适应机制。因而揭示系统适应性机制是解决黄河流域人居环境困境的关键。为此,本文以“地方性与适应性”为视角,邀请来自黄河流域青海、甘肃、宁夏、内蒙古、陕西、山西、河南、山东等省区的专家学者,从自然地理、社会经济、城乡发展、遗产保护等视角解读黄河流域的人居环境特征,并为适应中国新型城镇化路径寻找可持续策略。核心观点如下：总体而言,黄河流域的人居环境适应性具有多尺度空间关联性和历史地理依赖性;黄河流域承担着重要的生态功能,但不同区段的自然环境面临着土地盐碱化、水土流失、环境污染等问题,需要推动人地耦合关系的绿色化;黄河流域特别是上游沿线聚落具有鲜明的开放性、民族文化多样性和交融性特色,多民族协同共荣发展是必由之路;黄河中上游因复杂的自然环境形成了窑洞等特殊的聚落空间,在快速城镇化进程中面临着转变和消失,留住传统聚落的文化基因,亟需分级分类推进其演化进程;黄河流域城市群的内外辐射带动是流域全境高质量发展的基础,城市结构的优化提升是推动高质量发展的重要途径,实现可持续发展还需要科技创新和产业结构转型升级。     

火焰原子吸收法测定水中铁的质量控制指标研究

本文研究了火焰原子吸收法测定水中铁的质量控制指标,全国共12个省份的46家实验室参加测定工作,提供了具有全国性指导意义的工作参考数据.研究结果为:标准样品在0.2～4.0mg/L浓度范围内的RSD≤3.0%,RSD'≤10.0%,室间标准偏差≤0.10mg/L;浓度≤2.0mg/L时,RE≤±10.0%,2.0～4.0...     

Widespread microbiological groundwater contamination in the South-eastern Salento (Puglia-Italy)

In the Salento peninsula (Puglia Region, South-East Italy), underground waters are a fundamental resource for the population because they constitute the principal reservoir for drinking water and irrigation. They are, however, affected by overexploitation. The risk factors in the Salento arise mainly from anthropic activities, especially tourism and agriculture (leaking wells, sewage and inadequate waste disposal procedures). The Southern Salento is recognized to be at high risk of pathologies characterised by oral-faecal transmission. From 2001 to 2009 the incidence of typhoid fever in the Salento was 12.11/100,000 inhabitants as against 2.91 in Italy. Enteritis caused by rotaviruses is an important cause of hospitalization of paediatric-aged children in the Salento, with high social costs. An effective monitoring system for the conservation and management of water bodies and the protection of public health is therefore fundamental. The present study sought to determine the microbiological and chemical-physical quality of groundwater in the Salento and to analyse the factors associated with contamination. The results indicated widespread pollution from salt and microbial contamination. Contamination from faecal microorganisms posed a significant risk of human infection in 100% of samples. Furthermore, the water was unsuitable even for irrigation in a high percentage of cases (31.8%), which is of considerable significance given that agriculture is one of the most important economic activities in the area under study. The high salt concentration was probably due to excessive extraction of water for intensive irrigation, especially in summer. Under these circumstances, some of mitigation activity is necessary. Furthermore, it would be advisable to decrease the pollution load from anthropic activities in the territory and to reduce water consumption in order to conserve groundwater resources especially.     

凹凸棒石组配硫酸锌对土壤Cd的钝化效果及生态风险评价

为明确凹凸棒石组配硫酸锌作为修复材料在钝化土壤Cd以及促进玉米生长方面的应用潜力,以凹凸棒石为原料,通过液相浸渍制备凹凸棒石组配硫酸锌作为钝化剂开展钝化试验与盆栽试验,研究了凹凸棒石与硫酸锌配比分别为3∶1、5∶1、7∶1、9∶1、11∶1时对土壤Cd有效性、玉米生长状况及其对Cd富集能力的影响,并采用扫描电镜初步探讨钝化剂的表面特征. 结果表明:与对照相比,添加凹凸棒石组配硫酸锌钝化处理使Cd的DTPA(二乙基三胺五乙酸)有效态含量降低了5.22%~32.77%,TCLP(毒性浸出方法)有效态含量降低了12.43%~35.65%,Cd的钝化效率随硫酸锌添加量的增加而显著提高(P<0.05). 钝化处理可显著降低玉米植株中Cd的含量,其茎部Cd含量的最大降幅为60.06%,根部Cd含量的最大降幅为32.69%,Cd主要集中分布在根部;同时,钝化剂的加入缓解了Cd对玉米生长的胁迫,随硫酸锌用量的增加,玉米生物量显著提升. 研究显示,凹凸棒石组配硫酸锌可作为对Cd污染农田修复的钝化剂,在钝化剂同等剂量水平下,凹凸棒石与硫酸锌配比为3:1时,对土壤中Cd的钝化效果最佳.      

深度脱水污泥掺混土壤改性及资源化技术研究

为实现深度脱水污泥的改性和资源化利用,以上海某城市污水处理厂的两种不同含水率的深度脱水污泥A和B为例,通过向污泥中掺混土壤,研究土壤对污泥含水率、有机质、抗压强度、恶臭和植物毒性等的影响,探索其用作填埋场封场覆盖绿化用土的可行性.结果表明,掺混土壤可明显降低污泥含水率、有机质和臭气强度,并显著提高其抗压强度和种子发芽率,且相关性分析表明,土壤对污泥的有机质、臭气强度和浸出液种子发芽率的改善效果较强;当土壤添加量分别为60％和30％时,污泥A和B的抗压强度可分别由32.99kPa和196.67kPa的初始值增加至117.6kPa和227.5kPa,臭气强度可由4.5级和4级下降至2级和1.5级,浸出液白菜种子发芽率可由50％和56.7％增加至90％和80％.改性后的污泥A和B均能满足填埋场封场覆盖绿化用土的要求,实现其资源化利用.     

粮食产量预测理论、方法与应用Ⅲ.粮食生产潜力中、长期预测理论、模型及其应用

粮食生产潜力中、长期预测的目的是为国家中、长期粮食生产规划提供科学依据。粮食生产潜力中、长期预测的“双向预测理论”：从若干个预测模型中选择出2个模型,一个模型预测的未来产量是持续增加的,体现产量持续增加的科技进步力量;另一个模型预测的未来产量是先增加后减少或持续减少的,体现影响产量持续增加的负面综合因素力量。应用结果表明：模型可预测未来1~10年的粮食生产潜力,平均预测误差在5％以内。大量案例证明粮食生产潜力中、长期预测的“双向预测理论”是科学的、方法是通用的、结果是实用的。