Effects of high ammonium level on biomass accumulation of common duckweed Lemna minor L.

Growing common duckweed Lemna minor L. in diluted livestock wastewater is an alternative option for pollutants removal and consequently the accumulated duckweed biomass can be used for bioenergy production. However, the biomass accumulation can be inhibited by high level of ammonium (NH₄ ⁺) in non-diluted livestock wastewater and the mechanism of ammonium inhibition is not fully understood. In this study, the effect of high concentration of NH₄ ⁺ on L. minor biomass accumulation was investigated using NH₄ ⁺ as sole source of nitrogen (N). NH₄ ⁺-induced toxicity symptoms were observed when L. minor was exposed to high concentrations of ammonium nitrogen (NH₄ ⁺-N) after a 7-day cultivation. L. minor exposed to the NH₄ ⁺-N concentration of 840 mg l^?1 exhibited reduced relative growth rate, contents of carbon (C) and photosynthetic pigments, and C/N ratio. Ammonium irons were inhibitory to the synthesis of photosynthetic pigments and caused C/N imbalance in L. minor. These symptoms could further cause premature senescence of the fronds, and restrain their reproduction, growth and biomass accumulation. L. minor could grow at NH₄ ⁺-N concentrations of 7–84 mg l^?1 and the optimal NH₄ ⁺-N concentration was 28 mg l^?1.     

Study on particulates and volatile organic compounds removal with TiO2 nonwoven filter prepared by electrospinning

In this study, polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) and titania (TiO₂) Degussa P-25 were mixed to generate TiO₂ nonwoven filters using electrospinning. The wires of titanium dioxide and the nonwoven binding titania nanofibers were formed using 14 kV voltage and a distance of 15 cm. A single-factor experimental method was used to investigate the effects of parameters such as initial concentration, retention time, and light source on acetone removal by nonwoven binding titania nanofibers. Furthermore, the effects of parameters such as gas pressure, particle size, initial concentration, and retention time on the removal of particulates were also assessed. The results showed that the degradation efficiency increased with decreasing initial concentrations and increasing retention time. The best operational conditions during this study for the removal of acetone using the TiO₂ nonwoven filters were a retention time of 100 sec, initial acetone concentration of 250 ppm, and ultraviolet (UV) light source of 254 nm. Under those conditions, 99% acetone removal efficiency was obtained. In addition, 90% particulate matter removal efficiency was reached when the particulate size was greater than 200 nm and the reaction time was longer than 5 minutes. The prepared TiO₂/nanofiber has good performance for volatile organic compounds (VOCs) and particulate removal at the same time.

Implications: In this study, polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) and titania (TiO₂) Degussa P-25 were mixed to generate TiO₂ nonwoven filters using electrospinning. The results showed that the optimum operating conditions for the removal of acetone using the TiO₂ nonwoven filters were a retention time of 100 sec, initial acetone concentration of 250 ppm, and UV light source of 254 nm. Under those conditions, 99% acetone removal efficiency was obtained.     

基于模糊贴近度和熵权的航空装备维修安全综合评价

航空装备维修安全是确保装备飞行安全的重要因素,为提高航空装备飞行的安全性,需要对航空装备维修安全进行准确评价。根据航空装备维修安全评价涉及的不确定性问题,采用模糊数学和熵理论,提出一种基于模糊贴近度和熵权的航空装备维修安全综合评价方法。在建立航空装备维修安全评价指标体系的基础上,采用熵确定各指标的权重值、加权平均算子确定综合评价集,利用非对称贴近度进行决策分析。通过对某型飞机调查数据的算例分析,确定航空装备维修安全的主要影响因素,得出该型飞机维修安全水平的评价值。     

交流杂散电流对X80管线钢的腐蚀行为影响

目的 研究交流杂散电流干扰下管线钢的腐蚀机理.方法 采用电化学阻抗谱(EIS)、动电位极化扫描(Tafel)等电化学测试技术和表面分析技术研究不同交流电流密度干扰下(0～80 A/m2)X80管线钢在酸性土壤环境中的腐蚀行为.结果 酸性土壤环境中,即使是10 A/m2的交流电流密度,也会引起X80的交流腐蚀,且钢的腐蚀...     

混合营养方式下Cr（Ⅵ）胁迫对微藻生长和养分去除的影响

由于传统畜禽养殖废水处理方式存在不足,基于微藻的水污染控制技术受到越来越多的关注.以斜生栅藻为研究对象,探究了在混合 营养方式下,六价铬（Cr₂O₇^2-,0~4.0 mg·L^-1）胁迫对微藻生长及有机物（COD）、氨氮（NH₄⁺-N）和总磷（TP）去除的影响.结果表明：Cr（Ⅵ）对斜生栅藻的半数抑制浓度（EC50）为1.7 mg·L^-1 ,当Cr（Ⅵ）浓度较低（0.5 mg·L^-1）、暴露时间较短（≤36 h）时,斜生栅藻的生长和养分去除几乎不受 影响;此外,Cr（Ⅵ）胁迫对斜生栅藻生物量和氮、磷的去除影响较大,对COD的去除影响较小.当Cr（Ⅵ）浓度为4.0 mg·L^-1时,微藻生物质产率降低了82.5%,叶绿素含量降低了62.5%,COD、NH₄⁺-N和TP的去除率分别降低了27.3%、48.0%和38.6%;斜生栅藻细胞表面的羟基、氨基和 羧基有利于缓解Cr（VI）对藻细胞的毒害作用,0~4.0 mg·L^-1 Cr（Ⅵ）作用下,96 h藻细胞内的铬积累量为0.9~3.8 mg·g^-1.     

银川市PM2.5的输送路径及潜在源解析

基于2015~2017年银川市PM_2.5逐小时质量浓度和同期气象数据,采用气流后向轨迹聚类分析法、潜在来源贡献函数法（PSCF）和浓度权重轨迹分析法（CWT）研究银川市PM_2.5的输送路径及潜在源分布.结果表明：2013~2018年银川市大气PM_2.5质量浓度呈先升高后下降的趋势,其中2016年PM_2.5浓度年均值最高（54.25±20.91）μg/m³;在四季变化中,冬季PM_2.5浓度最高（75.11±29.21）μg/m³,夏季最低（31.83±7.09）μg/m³.聚类分析表明西北方向气流是银川市四季PM_2.5主要的输送路径,在春、秋、冬3季PM_2.5均为西北长距离输送路径;而在夏季,短距离输送气流是PM_2.5主要的输送方式.PSCF与CWT分析表明,冬季PM_2.5潜在源区范围最大,主要集中在西北-东南走向的潜在贡献源区带,包括新疆中东部、青海省北部、河西走廊地区、内蒙古西南部、甘肃省南部以及宁夏西北部;春、秋两季PM_2.5潜在源区主要位于新疆东部与甘肃省交界区域、甘肃省东南部、湖北北部、陕西西南部以及重庆北部;夏季的潜在源区范围最小,主要集中在新疆东部与甘肃交界区域.在PM_2.5重污染天气期间,其主要来源于西北方向气流,潜在源区主要分布在新疆东部与甘肃交界区域、内蒙古西南部与甘肃交界区域以及甘肃中南部地区.因此,在实施防风固沙的基础上,加强区域环境合作,实施大气污染联合防治,可以有效缓解银川乃至京津冀地区的大气污染.     

生物刺激与生物强化联合修复柴油污染土壤

从柴油污染土壤中筛选分离出一株高效降解柴油的菌株CY-1,考察了自然衰减修复、生物刺激修复、生物强化修复以及生物刺激-生物强化联合修复等4种修复方法对土壤中柴油的降解能力及降解过程中几种土壤微生物酶活性的变化。实验结果表明:该菌为假单胞菌属;采用生物刺激-生物强化联合修复初始柴油质量分数为2.70%的柴油污染土壤,经过31 d的降解,柴油质量分数降至1.09%,柴油去除率达59.6%;经生物刺激-生物强化联合修复,土壤脱氢酶活性和荧光素二乙酸酯水解酶活性最高;通过生物刺激处理可使土壤脲酶活性和磷酸酶活性达到最高。     

温度对细鳞斜颌鲴生理学特性影响的研究

研究了不同温度对细鳞斜颌鲴(Plagiognathops Microlepis Bleeker)生理学特性的影响。结果表明:细鳞斜颌鲴的摄食率、消化率、耗氧率和窒息点均随温度的升高而显著增大(P<0.05)。对摄食与饥饿状态下细鳞斜颌鲴的排氨率均随温度的升高而增大,在25℃时达到最大值。在相同温度下,摄食的细鳞斜颌鲴排氨率显著大于饥饿状态下细鳞斜颌鲴排氨率(P<0.05)。     

新一代地球观测信息在天然气水合物研究中的应用展望

地球上蕴藏着巨大的天然气水合物(GasHydrates)矿藏,它可作为一种新的烃类资源来开发利用。天然气水合物中CH4的释放影响全球气候变化。同时,天然气水合物是一种潜在的环境灾害诱发因素。天然气水合物的研究与开发目前在国内外成为研究热点。新一代地球观测信息,如已发射成功的TERRA中的MODIS、MOPITT信息以及即将发射的化学星CHEM为天然气水合物的研究与开发提供了新的技术方法。中国气候观测系统中观测台站观测信息的共享,加速了开发利用新一代地球观测信息的速度,也必将促进新一代地球观测信息在天然气水合物研究中发挥更大的作用。     

区域可持续发展与水资源优化配置研究——以西北干旱区柴达木盆地为例

西北干旱区水资源的合理开发利用与优化配置是实现干旱区可持续发展目标的首要前提。论文依据可持续发展的基本原理,以柴达木盆地为例,设计了水资源优化配置的总体思路,对水资源优化配置的多目标进行竞争辨识,采用以投入产出模型、AHP法等定性为主的决策方法和以系统动力学模型、生产函数模型等定量为主的决策方法生成水资源优化配置基准方案,进而采用多目标决策方案优选的密切值模型求出了柴达木盆地宏观经济发展与水资源优化配置的最佳方案。