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901.
大气气溶胶中元素种态研究 总被引:18,自引:0,他引:18
应用化学逐级提取流程对国际原子能机构(简称IAEA)气溶胶、室内和室外气溶胶、煤飞灰中元素的组成和种态进行了分析,应用仪器中子活化法测定了各种态中元素的含量,计算出元素在各种态中的分配比例。按照气溶胶中元素不同种态的环境和生物活性以及主要来源来分类,评述了元素在环境和生态系统中的吸收和转化能力,并对气溶胶中元素对环境的影响作出了初步的探讨。实验数据表明,气溶胶中的不同元素在各种态中的分布是有差异的。地壳来源元素中,Sc,Al,Fe和Ti主要分布在不溶物态中,稀土元素主要分布在氧化物态和不溶物态;不溶物态沉降到地表后不易进行迁移和转化,对环境的影响较小;氧化物态性质比较活泼,可以在大气中发生化学反应。Mn在气溶胶中主要分布在水可溶态和氧化物态,环境可交换性要比Al,Fe,Ti等大得多。人为来源元素的环境可交换态的比例都比较高,这说明它们通过干、湿清除过程沉降到地表后,水可溶态可以直接进入水循环;碳酸盐、氧化物和有机物态可以在适当的条件下与环境中的其他物质发生化学反应,生成易溶于水的化合物进入生态环境中,对环境影响较大。 相似文献
902.
903.
Chemical composition of the slippery epicuticular wax blooms on Macaranga (Euphorbiaceae) ant-plants
Claus Markstädter Walter Federle Reinhard Jetter Markus Riederer Bert Hölldobler 《Chemoecology》2000,10(1):33-40
Summary. The stems of many Macaranga ant-plants (Euphorbiaceae) are covered by epicuticular wax crystals rendering the surface very slippery for most insects.
These wax blooms act as selective barriers protecting the symbiotic ant partners, which are specialized “wax-runners”, against
the competition of other ants. Glaucous stems occur almost exclusively among the ant-plants of the genus Macaranga (). We analyzed the cuticular lipids of 16 Macaranga species by GC-MS and investigated the wax crystal morphology using SEM. Presence of crystalline wax blooms was strongly correlated
with high concentrations (52%–88%) of triterpenoids. In contrast epicuticular waxes of glossy Macaranga surfaces contained only 0% to 36% of these dominant components. Therefore we conclude that triterpenoids are responsible
for the formation of the thread-like Macaranga wax crystals. In all Macaranga ant-plants investigated, the principal components were epitaraxerol and taraxerone accompanied by smaller portions of taraxerol,
β-amyrin and friedelin. Only in the case of the non-myrmecophytic M. tanarius did β-amyrin predominate. Moreover, we found that only in M. tanarius, the dense wax crystal lacework is torn into large mosaic-like pieces in the course of secondary stem diameter growth. Both
chemical and macroscopic differences may contribute to a reduced slipperiness of M. tanarius stems and appear to be functionally important. The distribution of wax crystals and their composition amongst different sections
of the genus suggests that glaucousness is a polyphyletic character within Macaranga.
Received 7 October 1999; accepted 3 December 1999 相似文献
904.
在实验室研究了一种漂白纸浆废水对鲫鱼 (Carassius auratus)的毒性效应和血清性类固醇激素(睾酮和 17β-雌二醇 )水平的影响 ,实验结果表明 ,该漂白纸浆废水的 96 h- LC50 和 16 8h- LC50 分别为 4 39.0± 30 .9ml/ L和 2 96 .6± 6 2 .0 ml/ L,各染毒组鲫鱼血清睾酮浓度与空白对照组相比虽有所降低 ,却不具有显著差异 (P>0 .0 5) ,而暴露于漂白纸浆废水中的鲫鱼血清 17β-雌二醇水平显著低于空白对照 (P<0 .0 5) ,表明漂白纸浆废水可以抑制鲫鱼血清 17β-雌二醇水平 ,从而损害鱼体繁殖功能。 相似文献
905.
利用生物完整性指数评价河流健康状态,对于水环境管理决策具有重要的实践意义。基于大型底栖动物构建生物完整性指数(B-IBI),并评价松花江流域的水生态系统健康状况。在松花江主要干支流设定37个采样点,分别于2016年6、9月进行环境因子和大型底栖动物调查研究。最终从28个候选参数中确定了种类总数、摇蚊种类数、敏感种百分比、Hilsenhoff指数、Marglef指数作为核心参数构建B-IBI。通过0~10赋分法,计算得到了松花江流域全部采样点的生物完整性评价得分。结果显示,松花江流域内60%区域生物状态存在不同程度的损害。另外,B-IBI能够综合反映松花江大型底栖动物群落多样性、生境质量、理化水质等,具有一定的适用性。 相似文献
906.
典型地区农用地污染调查及风险管控标准探讨 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
针对《土壤污染风险管控标准——农用地土壤污染风险管控标准》(GB 15618—2018),提出以土壤中全量浓度筛选值和管控值作为衡量农用地土壤污染风险管控的标准,对湖南省部分稻田农用地土壤及点对点稻米样品中镉、铅、砷、汞的总量和有效态浓度及稻米中含量进行监测,根据重金属总量浓度分为低风险、中风险、高风险3组。结果显示:(1)土壤及稻米中镉含量基本为随着风险级别的升高而增加,铅、砷在土壤和稻米中含量无规律性结果,汞监测结果均为未检出。(2)低风险组稻米镉超标率为12. 0%,高风险组稻米镉达标率为33. 3%,表明利用总量浓度对农用地土壤潜在风险进行分组存在一定的局限性。(3)依据4种重金属在土壤中总量及稻米(早稻)中含量情况,对风险级别进行调整并综合判断:有58个样品为低风险组,占样品总数的68. 2%,超标率为零;有15个样品为中风险组,占样品总数的17. 7%,超标率为80. 0%;有12个样品为高风险组,占样品总数的14. 1%,超标率为100. 0%。调整后评价结果与上述标准的划分目标更接近,能够提高上述标准的准确性和实用性。 相似文献
907.
908.
ABSTRACTThis paper assesses the evolution of generation technology-mix in Australia, with specific emphasis on understanding how such evolution has been shaped by wider political and socio-economic influences. This assessment is predicated on the argument that the contemporary, quintessentially techno-economic, policy discourse on renewable energy is deficient, as it ignores climacteric political and socio-economic influences on generation technology-mix. The methodological framework employed in this paper is informed by the core tenets of technological change theory. The assessment suggests that generation technology-mix in Australia has historically been overwhelmingly influenced by the underlying technological paradigm of the electricity industry; and that this technological paradigm essentially draws its imprimatur from the wider political and socio-economic contexts. By implication, it suggests that a rapid uptake of renewables will have widespread ramifications, extending into political, socio-economic and cultural realms of a society. Clearly, existing policy discourse – that tends to focus on technical potentials, cost competitiveness, externalities and risks of various renewable technologies – is deficient. A much broader discourse is needed. This paper also made an attempt to develop a basis for such a discourse by reviewing broader aspects of the Australian society that would be affected by a rapid uptake of renewables. 相似文献
909.
Russian Journal of Ecology - Temporal and spatial variations of phytoplankton community in Lake Erhai were investigated from May 2010 to April 2011. A total of 124 species belonging to 8 phyla and... 相似文献
910.
This article measures the changes in energy use, blue water footprint, and greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions associated with shifting from current US food consumption patterns to three dietary scenarios, which are based, in part, on the 2010 USDA Dietary Guidelines (US Department of Agriculture and US Department of Health and Human Services in Dietary Guidelines for Americans, 2010, 7th edn, US Government Printing Office, Washington, 2010). Amidst the current overweight and obesity epidemic in the USA, the Dietary Guidelines provide food and beverage recommendations that are intended to help individuals achieve and maintain healthy weight. The three dietary scenarios we examine include (1) reducing Caloric intake levels to achieve “normal” weight without shifting food mix, (2) switching current food mix to USDA recommended food patterns, without reducing Caloric intake, and (3) reducing Caloric intake levels and shifting current food mix to USDA recommended food patterns, which support healthy weight. This study finds that shifting from the current US diet to dietary Scenario 1 decreases energy use, blue water footprint, and GHG emissions by around 9 %, while shifting to dietary Scenario 2 increases energy use by 43 %, blue water footprint by 16 %, and GHG emissions by 11 %. Shifting to dietary Scenario 3, which accounts for both reduced Caloric intake and a shift to the USDA recommended food mix, increases energy use by 38 %, blue water footprint by 10 %, and GHG emissions by 6 %. These perhaps counterintuitive results are primarily due to USDA recommendations for greater Caloric intake of fruits, vegetables, dairy, and fish/seafood, which have relatively high resource use and emissions per Calorie. 相似文献