废水处理系统中胞外水解酶的作用特性研究

从pH、温度、底物浓度和抑制剂等四方面的作用条件,对厌氧-缺氧-好氧废水生物处理系统中β-葡萄糖苷酶、碱性磷酸酶、亮氨酸氨基肽酶和脂肪酶的作用特性进行研究.试验结果表明,4种酶在60℃有最高酶活;偏碱性条件(pH=8～9)有利于酶促反应的进行;酶活随底物浓度的增加而增大;抑制剂PMSF对各酶抑制效果不尽相同,对葡萄糖、蛋白质和磷酸水解酶的抑制率分别为72.7%、26.1%和26.8%,而对脂肪酶的抑制率高达85.2%;最适作用条件下的各待测酶的活性可达日常作用条件的1.5～8倍;酶的活性与COD、氨氮、总氮和总磷等生化因子有较好的相关性.由此得出控制相关作用条件可最大限度地发挥酶的作用性能,提高废水处理效率.     

用于石化废水处理的聚氨酯泡沫球形载体的挂膜方法

采用物理吸附的方式对用于石化废水处理的聚氨酯泡沫球形载体的挂膜方法进行了研究。直接挂膜时,投加石化废水生物处理剂后,载体出现了严重的堵塞现象,孔隙内无机颗粒含量较高,生物多样性差,从而无法保持稳定的石化废水处理效果。通过分析聚氨酯泡沫表层和孔隙内部附着的生物量及孔隙内附着物的粒度分布,采取间接挂膜法,即采用投加颗粒状物质活性炭、电气石及酵母粉的方式,对聚氨酯泡沫球形载体进行预挂膜后,再投加生物处理剂,进行进一步的挂膜。结果表明：间接挂膜法可有效地避免载体的堵塞问题,使得孔隙内部附着生长大量的活性微生物,从而在石化废水进水COD和NH⁺₄-N浓度在280～420 mg/L和5～25 mg/L时,出水COD和NH⁺₄-N浓度分别稳定在70 mg/L和3 mg/L以下。     

中国1997-2006年可持续发展动态测度分析

利用生态足迹分析法对中国1997-2006年的生态足迹与生态承载力进行核算,从而定量测度近10年来中国的可持续发展状况,根据结果对生态足迹的供给和需求进行分析并提出相应的建议和对策.结果表明:10年来,中国的生态足迹快速增长,由1997年的1.287 hm2增长到2006年的1.941 hm2,人均生态赤字从1997年的0.596 9hm2增长到2006年的1.267 0 hm2,自然生态系统处于不可持续的发展状态; 在生态足迹的构成中,能源和水域的生态赤字最为严重,远未满足供需平衡;此外,万元GDP占用生态足迹从1997年的2.014 8 hm2降低到2006年的1.209 8hm2,说明中国资源利用效率提高较快,经济增长方式在向良性发展.     

Spatial distribution of inorganic nitrogen contents of marsh soils in a river floodplain with different flood frequencies from soil-defrozen period

Contents of inorganic nitrogen (NH4(+)-N and NO3(-)-N) in soil profiles were measured in five typical zones ( including permanently flooded floodplain(B), 1-year floodplain (O), 5-year floodplain (F),10-year floodplain (T), and 100-year floodplain (H) )from Huolin River floodplain in Erbaifangzi, Jilin Province of China, in the soil-defrosted period (Mayof 1999). Contour maps and profile maps were constructed to describe the spatial distributions of NH4(+)-N and NO3(-)-N) in order to identify the influences of flood frequencies on them. Results showed that NH4(+)-N generally increased with depth in soil profiles from the five areas, but NH4(+)-N contents in T or H areas significantly differed from those in other areas. For NO3(-)-N, with the exception that there was a significant cumulative peak (6.77 +/- 0.08 mg kg(-1)) at 15-cm depth (10-20 cm) in B area, no significant difference was observed between NO3(-)-N contents in soil profiles from the other four areas. The horizontal distributions of NH4(+)-N and NO3(-)-N in top soils (0-10 cm) were different in the five areas,which were greatly influenced by flood frequencies. The highest content of NH4(+)-N or NO3(-)-N did not appear in B area but in the floodplain with certain flood frequency. For example, NH4(+)-N content (16.81 mg kg-(1)) in 5-year floodplain wetland was highest, and the highest content of NO3(-)-N(1.69 mg kg(-1)) appeared in 1-year floodplain wetland. In addition, NH4(+)-N contents were significantly correlated with soil pH, and NO3(-)-N contents had significant correlation with inorganic carbon, but there were no significant correlations between inorganic nitrogen and other selected soil properties.     

风景名胜区开发建设项目环境影响评价程序和指标体系——以本溪水洞国家级重点风景名胜区为例

文章以本溪水洞国家级重点风景名胜区为例 ,对山岳型风景资源开发建设项目环境影响评价程序和指标体系进行了研究。评价程序分三个层次进行。规划指标和人为自然灾害指标为第一个层次 ;景观指标和生态指标为第二个层次 ;环境质量和环境感应指标为第三个层次。每个层次和指标体系都赋予了内涵。     

Ce-Mn双金属氧化物深度催化氧化废气中的氯甲苯

采用Ce-Mn双金属氧化物深度催化氧化废气中的氯甲苯。实验结果表明:当n(Ce):n(Mn)为1:5时,CeO_2与MnO_x之间的协同效应最大,对氯甲苯的去除效果最好;在以纯氧为氧化剂、反应温度为360℃、氯甲苯体积分数为0.5%～1.5%、体积空速为12 000～30 000 h~(-1)的条件下,氯甲苯去除率可达100%。     

清洁生产方案实施成效分析

清洁生产方案的质量及可实施性直接关系到企业清洁生产审核的成效。汇总江苏油田推行清洁生产审核单位实施的清洁生产方案380项,从方案的组成、分类、投资、经济效益等方面进行统计分析,阐明了多种无、低费方案,不仅资金投入的回报率高,而且投资风险少,有明显的效益。通过"节能、降耗、减污、增效"这一主导思想产生的各类清洁生产方案的实施,达到了较可观的经济、环境和社会效益。     

清洁生产评价专题编制方法探讨

在环境影响评价报告中对清洁生产评价专题的编制不规范,缺少量化指标。以山东万得集团年产亿米高档染织面料项目的清洁生产评价为例,通过指标体系建立、评价方法确定、评价结果分析等,提出一种操作性强、可供借鉴的编制方法。     

Using enriched stable isotope technique to study Cu bioaccumulation and bioavailability in Corbicula fluminea from Taihu Lake,China

In this study, we measured trace metals (Cd, Cr, Cu, Ni, Pb, and Zn) in water and sediment from representative sites of Taihu Lake, with focus on the analysis of trace metal accumulation in Corbicula fluminea (bivalve). The results showed that the quality of water in Taihu Lake was generally good and the correlation was not found between Cu bioaccumulation in C. fluminea and the concentration in water and sediment. Thus, using the stable isotope tracer method, we studied Cu uptake from the water phase, the assimilation of Cu from the food phase, and the efflux of Cu in vivo by C. fluminea. The result revealed that this species exhibited a relatively lower efflux rate constant of Cu compared with other zoobenthos species. Using a simple bioenergetics-based kinetic model, Cu concentrations in the C. fluminea were calculated with the measured efflux rate. We put forward a novel method, which was taking the influence of biological kinetic on metal bioaccumulation into account to explain the field survey data.     

镁盐和炉渣对印染废水的脱色处理

实验研究了不同pH、温度：Mg2＋投量和沉降时间下,镁盐、炉渣、镁盐＋炉渣3种处理对模拟和实际印染废水的脱色效果。结果表明,在pH为11～11．5、沉降30rain、30℃及Mg2＋投加量为500～600mg／L的最优脱色条件下,3种处理对艳红FXC模拟废水的最大脱色率分别为98．41％、98．43％和99．37％,对实际印染废水的最大脱色率分别为90．18％、89．63％和93．33％,其中,镁盐＋炉渣脱色效果最好,这可能与炉渣吸附和起到协同增强Mg（OH）2沉淀效果的作用有关。对水样的液相色谱初步检测分析表明,实际废水脱色处理前后染色基团峰高和种类发生了变化。该研究对盐田富镁卤水和炉渣等废物的资源化开发有重要参考价值。