Changes of microbial composition during wastewater reclamation and distribution systems revealed by high-throughput sequencing analyses

This study employed 454-pyrosequencing to investigate microbial and pathogenic communities in two wastewater reclamation and distribution systems. A total of 11972 effective 16S rRNA sequences were acquired from these two reclamation systems, and then designated to relevant taxonomic ranks by using RDP classifier. The Chao index and Shannon diversity index showed that the diversities of microbial communities decreased along wastewater reclamation processes. Proteobacteria was the most dominant phylum in reclaimed water after disinfection, which accounted for 83% and 88% in two systems, respectively. Human opportunistic pathogens, including Clostridium, Escherichia, Shigella, Pseudomonas and Mycobacterium, were selected and enriched by disinfection processes. The total chlorine and nutrients (TOC, NH₃-N and NO₃-N) significantly affected the microbial and pathogenic communities during reclaimed water storage and distribution processes. Our results indicated that the disinfectant-resistant pathogens should be controlled in reclaimed water, since the increases in relative abundances of pathogenic bacteria after disinfection implicate the potential public health associated with reclaimed water.     

Effects of sepiolite on stabilization remediation of heavy metal-contaminated soil and its ecological evaluation

Stabilization in the remediation of heavy metal contaminated soils has been gaining prominence because of its cost-effectiveness and rapid implementation. In this study, microbial properties such as microbial community and enzyme activities, chemical properties such as soil pH and metal fraction, and heavy metal accumulation in spinach (Spinacia oleracea) were considered in assessing stabilization remediation effectiveness using sepiolite. Results showed that soil pH values increased with rising sepiolite concentration. Sequential extraction results indicated that the addition of sepiolite converted significant amounts of exchangeable fraction of Cd and Pb into residual form. Treatments of sepiolite were observed to reduce Cd and Pb translocation from the soil to the roots and shoots of spinach. Concentrations of Cd and Pb exhibited 12.6%–51.0% and 11.5%–46.0% reduction for the roots, respectively, and 0.9%–46.2% and 43.0%–65.8% reduction for the shoots, respectively, compared with the control group. Increase in fungi and actinomycete counts, as well as in catalase activities, indicated that soil metabolic recovery occurred after sepiolite treatments.     

等离子改性CNT/TiO2电极吸附去除水中苯酚的研究

利用电感耦合空气等离子体对涂覆法制备的CNT/TiO2复合电极进行射频放电改性处理.复合电极的表面形貌、润湿性及元素成分分别通过扫描电镜(SEM)、接触角测试仪、x射线光电子能谱(XPS)进行了表征.结果表明,改性后有利于苯酚吸附,电极比表面孔隙、亲水性、TiO2及含氧官能团均得以增加;循环伏安测试(CV)表明改性后电极比电容提高54%;改性后复合电极对苯酚的吸附量较改性前提高了45%.且等离子改性CNT/TiO2电极对苯酚的去除量随电压、苯酚初始浓度的增加而增加,吸附过程符合准二级动力学方程,吸附等温线符合Langmuir等温吸附模型.     

乐安河-鄱阳湖湿地植物群落分布及其环境影响因子

于2012年平水期(4月)、丰水期(8月)和枯水期(11月)对乐安河自上游至下游及入鄱阳湖区域内湿地植物群落分布和水土环境因子进行调查,分析乐安河不同水期湿地植物群落的分布特征,通过DCCA(detrended canonical correspondence analysis,除趋势典范对应分析)探讨不同水期植物群落分布特征与环境因子间的定量关系. 结果表明:3个水期内共观测到湿地植物167种,不同水期植物种类及组成结构均具有显著差异. 其中平水期湿地植物102种,分属于33科75属;枯水期71种,分属于27科53属;丰水期种类最少,为55种,分属于20科42属. 乐安河上游处于未受矿山开采影响的对照区域内,水生植物群落分布主要受河流自然环境因素的影响. 对于受重金属酸性污染影响较严重的区域,DCCA排序结果显示,水土环境中pH和Cu、Pb、Cd等重金属含量是影响植物群落分布的重要因素. 其中,上游湿地植物群落分布主要受Cu含量和pH的影响;中、下游主要受水、土环境中重金属Pb、Cd的复合污染以及pH的影响. 乐安河湿地植物群落分布与环境因子间具有明显的对应关系,DCCA法能准确识别影响湿地植物群落分布的关键环境因子.      

安徽太平湖旅游地演化过程及机制

湖泊旅游逐渐成为我国湖泊资源利用的重要内容.论文探讨了湖泊旅游地发展的特点,分析了太平湖旅游地的演化过程与机制,结果表明湖泊旅游地发展具有易受干扰性、流域性和综合性的特点;基于Butler 生命周期理论,太平湖旅游地的演化过程可划分为三个阶段:①探索阶段(1970—1990 年),旅游地仅有少量的旅游者和旅游设施,湖泊生态系统处于自然状态;②参与阶段(1991—2005 年),地方政府重视旅游发展,发展观光旅游,建设旅游项目,形成了以水产养殖与旅游业相结合的湖泊资源利用模式;③发展阶段(2006 年至今),政府和外部资本推动太平湖基础设施和重大旅游项目建设,旅游人数和收入大幅增长,重点发展休闲度假旅游,向观光-休闲度假型旅游地转型,形成了旅游与城镇互动的发展格局.太平湖旅游地三个发展阶段体现了由自然发展向追求经济效益发展,再向追求综合效益发展的过程.     

Probability distributions of arsenic in soil from brownfield sites in Beijing (China): statistical characterization of the background populations and implications for site assessment studies

A probabilistic analysis was performed on soil arsenic concentration data from 4 brownfield sites at Beijing (Chaoyang and Haidian Districts), involved in environmental assessment studies. The available data sets were processed to provide a statistical characterization of the background populations and differentiate “anomalous data” from the natural range of variation of arsenic concentrations in soil. The site-specific background distributions and the existing wide-scale background values defined for the Beijing area were compared, discussing related implications for the definition of metal contamination soil screening levels (SSLs) in site assessment studies. The statistical analysis of As data sets discriminated site-specific background populations, encompassing 88% to 94% of the sample data, from outliers values, associated with either subsoil natural enrichments or possible anthropogenic releases. Upper Baseline Concentration (UBC) limits (+ 2σ level), including most of the site-specific metal background variability, were derived based on the statistical characterization of the background populations. Sites in the Chaoyang South District area had UBC values in the range 10.4–12.6 mg·kg^-1. These ranges provide meaningful SSL values to be adopted for As in local site assessment studies. Using the wide-scale background value for the Beijing area would have erroneously classified most of the areas in the subject sites as potentially contaminated.     

西南地区旱涝特征及其趋势预测

应用Z指数和标准化降水指数SPI,结合REOF方法和Hurst 指数对西南地区旱涝等级及其时空分布规律、演变趋势进行分析和预测,结果表明:SPI 和Z指数的计算结果和现实情况较一致,从多年平均值来看,云南的中甸及四川的石渠、德格等地干旱指数处于低值区,属重旱区。贵州和广西及云南南部部分地区属易涝区。逐年的SPI 和Z指数结果大体一致,2000 年以后,干旱指数波动较大。通过REOF分析,Z指数的分布大致分为川西区、川东(包括渝)区、云贵(包括广西北部)区、广南四个区域。云贵区Z指数总体呈下降趋势,涝情呈减弱趋势;川西区在1964 年至1973 年间干旱严重,1995 年以后变化相对稳定,但干旱也时有发生;川东区旱涝变化不显著。经Hurst 指数分析,西南五省市未来的旱涝情况大致为干旱程度呈逐步加大的态势,洪涝程度呈较弱的逐步减小态势。     

硅藻土强化混凝去除铜绿微囊藻的影响因素研究

以原水中常见的铜绿微囊藻为研究对象,研究了联合硅藻土与聚合氯化铝(PAC)强化混凝去除铜绿微囊藻的效果.考察了PAC和硅藻土的投加量、溶液pH值、天然有机物腐植酸(HA)对藻和浊度去除的影响,并用zeta电位分析方法对混凝剂的静电中和能力进行表征.结果表明:硅藻土具有良好的助凝作用,投加其有助于改善絮体的沉降性能,提高铜绿微囊藻的混凝去除效果,PAC为6mg/L,pH值为7~8,硅藻土投加量为30mg/L时,叶绿素a(Chl-a)去除率可达96%,剩余浊度低于0.9NTU. HA存在会明显抑制铜绿微囊藻的混凝去除,当HA浓度大于1.0mg/L时, Chl-a去除率大幅度下降同时剩余浊度明显上升,硅藻土的投加可以在一定程度上缓解负面作用.