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351.
352.
Rachael Vaicunas Shreeram Inamdar Sudarshan Dutta Diana S. Aga Lisa Zimmerman J. Tom Sims 《Journal of the American Water Resources Association》2013,49(2):463-474
Water‐quality surveys have confirmed the presence of hormones and antibiotics in surface waters of the United States, which may be of concern to aquatic life. We investigated the concentrations of hormones and antibiotics in surface waters of the state of Delaware to determine – how they compared against environmental thresholds, how they varied across the state, and if they were correlated with land use type. Fifty surface water locations were sampled during early spring and late summer. Water samples were initially screened with ELISA followed by analysis with LC/MS/MS. The measured ranges of hormone concentrations were: 0‐3.71 ng/l for estrone, 0‐4.65 ng/l for estrone‐3‐sulfate, and 0‐6.27 ng/l for 17β‐estradiol. The measured ranges of antibiotics were: 0‐3.30 ng/l for sulfamerazine, 0‐10.74 ng/l for sulfamethoxazole, and 0‐2.29 ng/l for tetracycline. The predicted no‐effect concentration (PNEC) for estrone was exceeded for three samples and the PNEC for 17β‐estradiol was exceeded for 11 samples. In general, concentrations and detection frequencies were lower in the summer than the spring. The highest concentrations of hormones and antibiotics were spatially distributed in agricultural and urban areas; however, the correlations between land use type and the concentrations were weak. This study was the first statewide survey of hormones and antibiotics for Delaware and provided important baseline data on these emerging contaminants. 相似文献
353.
Milstein LS Essader A Pellizzari ED Fernando RA Akinbo O 《Environment international》2002,28(4):277-283
The performance of two mobile phase buffers, phosphate and TRIS, were compared for the speciation of four arsenic species: arsenate (As(V)), arsenite (As(III)), mono methylarsonic acid (MMA), and dimethyl arsinic acid (DMA) in drinking water, using ion-exchange chromatography inductivelycoupled plasma mass spectrometry (IEC-ICP-MS). The mobile phase containing TRIS acetate buffer ("TRIS") demonstrated superior perfomance in baseline separation of all four arsenic species and the internal standard. It is also applicable to high-throughput sample analysis as it minimized the frequency required to clean the sampling interface due to salt build-up when compared to the phosphate mobile phase. The method was evaluated for its precision, accuracy, linearity and detection limits. The method was successfully applied for the analysis of drinking water samples. 相似文献
354.
355.
A Method for Constructing a Social Vulnerability Index: An Application to Hurricane Storm Surges in a Developed Country 总被引:11,自引:1,他引:11
Lisa Rygel David O’sullivan Brent Yarnal 《Mitigation and Adaptation Strategies for Global Change》2006,11(3):741-764
An important goal of vulnerability assessment is to create an index of overall vulnerability from a suite of indicators. Constructing
a vulnerability index raises several problems in the aggregation of these indicators, including the decision of assigning
weights to them. The purpose of this paper is to demonstrate a method of aggregating vulnerability indicators that results
in a composite index of vulnerability, but that avoids the problems associated with assigning weights. The investigators apply
a technique based on Pareto ranking to a complex, developed socioeconomic landscape exposed to storm surges associated with
hurricanes. Indicators of social vulnerability to this hazard are developed and a principal components analysis is performed
on proxies for these indicators. Overall social vulnerability is calculated by applying Pareto ranking to these principal
components. The paper concludes that it is possible to construct an effective index of vulnerability without weighting the
individual vulnerability indicators. 相似文献
356.
Lisa Strain Mary E. M. Porteous Christine M. Gosden Patricia M. Ellis James P. Neilson David T. Bonthron 《黑龙江环境通报》1994,14(6):469-474
Direct detection of the fragile X mutation by DNA analysis has greatly simplified prenatal diagnosis of this disease. However, women carrying a fragile X premutation may pass their expanded trinucleotide repeat to sons without expansion to a full mutation. Such sons are predicted to be intellectually normal. In this situation, the accuracy with which the fetal status can be inferred from analysis of chorionic villus sample (CVS) DNA is unclear. We describe such a case, in which it was felt necessary to proceed to fetal blood sampling despite technically unambiguous DNA results from the CVS. The lack of prospective data means that this dilemma may be expected to recur over the next few years when performing prenatal diagnosis on fragile X premutation carriers. 相似文献
357.
358.
359.
Experimentally induced polygyny in a monogamous bird species: prothonotary warblers and the polygyny threshold 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
Lisa J. Petit 《Behavioral ecology and sociobiology》1991,29(3):177-187
Summary Hypotheses regarding evolution of polygyny were tested using prothonotary warblers (Protonotaria citrea), through experimental manipulations of habitat quality. Two experiments were performed. Experiment 1 involved supplying nest boxes in different breeding habitats: flooded riparian areas (high food availability) and adjacent dry bottomland (low food availability). Nine bigamous matings were induced in this experiment, all occurring in flooded habitats even though monogamous mating opportunities existed in dry areas. Costs of polygyny for secondary females in flooded habitat were similar to costs incurred by monogamous females in dry habitat. Thus, a polygyny threshold apparently existed, possibly based on differences in food abundance in the two habitats. However, male quality covaried with habitat quality, as males in flooded areas were older and larger than males in dry habitat. Secondary females may have chosen polygyny in the best breeding situation, a combination of male and territory quality. In Experiment 2 nest box density was varied within flooded habitat to allow males to monopolize different numbers of nest-sites. Monogamous females settled earlier on territories with a large number of nest-sites, and males that defended many nest-sites were more likely to become polygynous. Male physical characteristics were not related to occurrence of polygyny in flooded habitat. Limitation of suitable nest-holes ultimately constrains occurrence of polygyny in prothonotary warblers. 相似文献
360.
Jeffery A. Foran Peter Butler Lisa B. Cleckner Jonathan W. Bulkley 《Journal of the American Water Resources Association》1991,27(3):479-484
ABSTRACT: Nonpoint sources (NPS) are an important and continuing source of toxic and conventional pollutants to surface waters. The Clean Water Act amendments of 1987 call for the regulation of these sources through the use of Best Management Practices (BMP). However, BMP implementation has generally occurred on a voluntary basis. This paper proposes a regulatory mechanism to control nonpoint source pollution. The regulatory mechanism involves the development of consortia, made up of all parties potentially responsible for NPS pollution, the development of wasteload allocations that coordinate the pollutant contributions from both point and nonpoint sources in a stream segment, and the issuance of permits to consortia to regulate the impacts of NPS pollution and ensure achievement of state or federal Water Quality Criteria and Standards. 相似文献