底泥扰动对上覆水中磷形态分布的影响

通过室内试验模拟底泥受持续和间歇扰动的过程.探讨了扰动作用对上覆水中不同形态磷分布的影响.结果表明,持续扰动和间歇扰动显著促进了上覆水中的溶解态磷向底泥迁移.持续扰动与间歇扰动作用下,上覆水中溶解性无机磷(DIP)分别在第6h和第24h达到平衡状态,为0.014mg.L-1和0.015mg.L-1.显著低于对照试验(0.04mg.L-1);而溶解性总磷(DTP)则在第6h和第48h达到平衡状态,为0.047mg·L-1和0.045mg.L-1,显著低于对照试验(0.065mg.L-1).持续扰动促进了颗粒态磷(PC)的释放,扰动6h后,PP达到最大值(9.18mg·L-1).随后下降.第24h后,PP稳定在2.18mg·L-1左右;而间歇扰动作用下,第2h,PP达到最大值(2mg·L-1),随后下降,第96h后,PP稳定在0.093mg·L-1左右.扰动作用下,TP的变化规律与PP一致.与初始状态相比,持续扰动和间歇扰动作用下,DIP/DTP、DIP/TP、DTP/TP显著下降,而上述该值在对照试验中则基本保持不变,说明扰动导致的底泥再悬浮有利于降低上覆水中溶解态磷的含量.     

防止井下作业污染环境的工艺技术应用

分析了井下作业施工对环境造成污染的因素，介绍江苏油田在井下作业过程中进行污染防治的措施及其相关配套新工艺、新技术的应用和效果。     

农业废物好氧堆肥中氨氧化细菌的群落结构

应用聚合酶链式反应-变性梯度凝胶电泳（PCR-DGGE）技术对农业废物好氧堆肥过程中氨氧化细菌（ammonia-oxidizingbacteria,AOB）种群结构随时间的变化情况进行了研究,结果表明,AOB群落的Shannon-Weaver指数初始值为2.58,堆肥结束时为2.02,多样性整体呈下降趋势.通过对部分优...     

Microbial reduction of uranium (VI) by Bacillus sp. dwc-2: A macroscopic and spectroscopic study

The microbial reduction of U(VI) by Bacillus sp. dwc-2, isolated from soil in Southwest China, was explored using transmission electron microscopy (TEM), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and X-ray absorption near edge spectroscopy (XANES). Our studies indicated that approximately 16.0% of U(VI) at an initial concentration of 100 mg/L uranium nitrate could be reduced by Bacillus sp. dwc-2 at pH 8.2 under anaerobic conditions at room temperature. Additionally, natural organic matter (NOM) played an important role in enhancing the bioreduction of U(VI) by Bacillus sp. dwc-2. XPS results demonstrated that the uranium presented mixed valence states (U(VI) and U(IV)) after bioreduction, which was subsequently confirmed by XANES. Furthermore, the TEM and high resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM) analysis suggested that the reduced uranium was bioaccumulated mainly within the cell and as a crystalline structure on the cell wall. These observations implied that the reduction of uranium may have a significant effect on its fate in the soil environment in which these bacterial strains occur.     

硫酸根对有机废水厌氧生物处理的影响

利用连续流上流式厌氧污泥床在控制和不控制H_2S浓度两种情况下,考察SO_4~(2-)对有机物厌氧生物处理的影响。试验表明,硫酸根本身对厌氧处理没有毒害作用,它对厌氧处理过程的破坏主要是其还原产物H_2S造成的。在用Fe~(2+)控制H_2S的情况下,硫酸根的存在和浓度大小对出水TOC、TOC去除率、产气量、气化率无不利影响,但会使气体中甲烷含量及甲烷产率逐渐减小而二氧化碳含量及二氧化碳产率逐渐增大,     

湖泊水质参数空间最优估计精度分析

在湖泊研究中,往往要了解污染的空间分布状况,其核心是空间最优估计问题.本文在阐述了克立格方差特点的基础上,以太湖为例,对湖泊水质参数空间最优估计的精度问题进行了分析.结果显示,估计精度受变差函数、各采样点的空间配置关系等因素的影响.空间结构直接决定着估计精度的大小,而与各信息采样点的值的大小无关.     

区域水环境污染预警系统的建立

深入分析水环境污染预警系统的目的，结构，实现以及各子系统的耦合，提出区域水环境污染预警系统应由区域内多个主要预警中心组成，每个预警中心包括通讯子系统，技术支持子系统，应急风险分析和决策支持子系统等。区域水环境污染预警系统的实现由实时处理和离线处理2个部分组成，前者包括现场流量，蒸发，降雨实时信息的收集，数据的传递和接收，预警模型计算和输出，决策管理，后者包括历史数据和区域特征输入，预警模式选择；参数率定等。目前建立预警系统面临的主要困难在于实时信息的获取和系统不确定性分析方法，相应地，对系统的持续改进也就是要加强信息交流，提高模型的识别能力，扩展系统的评价与决策功能等。     

新型真空膜渗透结晶工艺初探

真空膜渗透结晶工艺(vacuum membrane percrystallization, VMPC)是一种新型膜结晶工艺,可同步实现溶质的结晶及其与溶剂的分离回收。以NaCl溶液为目标物系,对VMPC过程的原理进行了分析,初步考察了进料液温度、浓度和操作压力对该工艺产能的影响。结果表明：VMPC过程是膜渗透和真空压差闪蒸结晶的协同作用的过程,随进料液温度的升高,结晶盐通量和水通量均增大;随进料液浓度的升高,结晶盐通量增大,水通量降低;而操作压力对工艺产能影响较小,但对生成晶体的形貌影响显著;当进料液温度为34 ℃,进料质量分数为25%,操作压力为0.5 kPa时,可获得高达8.04 kg·(m²·h)⁻¹的盐通量和30 L·(m²·h)⁻¹的水通量,远高于现有太阳能驱动膜结晶技术的产能。针对现有膜滤浓缩液类高浓盐水结晶工艺流程复杂、能耗高、效率和产能低的问题,VMPC工艺为新型高效处置技术的开发及应用提供了可行的解决方案。     

Effects of payments for ecosystem services on wildlife habitat recovery

Conflicts between local people's livelihoods and conservation have led to many unsuccessful conservation efforts and have stimulated debates on policies that might simultaneously promote sustainable management of protected areas and improve the living conditions of local people. Many government‐sponsored payments‐for‐ecosystem‐services (PES) schemes have been implemented around the world. However, few empirical assessments of their effectiveness have been conducted, and even fewer assessments have directly measured their effects on ecosystem services. We conducted an empirical and spatially explicit assessment of the conservation effectiveness of one of the world's largest PES programs through the use of a long‐term empirical data set, a satellite‐based habitat model, and spatial autoregressive analyses on direct measures of change in an ecosystem service (i.e., the provision of wildlife species habitat). Giant panda (Ailuropoda melanoleuca) habitat improved in Wolong Nature Reserve of China after the implementation of the Natural Forest Conservation Program. The improvement was more pronounced in areas monitored by local residents than those monitored by the local government, but only when a higher payment was provided. Our results suggest that the effectiveness of a PES program depends on who receives the payment and on whether the payment provides sufficient incentives. As engagement of local residents has not been incorporated in many conservation strategies elsewhere in China or around the world, our results also suggest that using an incentive‐based strategy as a complement to command‐and‐control, community‐ and norm‐based strategies may help achieve greater conservation effectiveness and provide a potential solution for the park versus people conflict.     

广州市环境监测管理信息化建设中若干问题探讨

以广州市环境监测中心站推进信息化的实践为例，重点对环境监测管理信息化规划、开发和应用3个环节所涉及的信息化进程路线、应用系统开发的需求分析和推广应用等问题进行了一些探讨，提出切合自身的解决思路或办法。