Zero-valent manganese nanoparticles coupled with different strong oxidants for thallium removal from wastewater

• Nano zero-valent manganese (nZVMn, Mn⁰) is synthesized via borohydrides reduction. • Mn⁰ combined with persulfate/hypochlorite is effective for Tl removal at pH 6-12. • Mn⁰ can activate persulfate to form hydroxyl and sulfate radicals. • Oxidation-induced precipitation and surface complexation contribute to Tl removal. • Combined Mn⁰-oxidants process is promising in the environmental field. Nano zero-valent manganese (nZVMn, Mn⁰) was prepared through a borohydride reduction method and coupled with different oxidants (persulfate (S₂O₈²⁻), hypochlorite (ClO⁻), or hydrogen peroxide (H₂O₂)) to remove thallium (Tl) from wastewater. The surface of Mn⁰ was readily oxidized to form a core-shell composite (MnO_x@Mn⁰), which consists of Mn⁰ as the inner core and MnO_x (MnO, Mn₂O₃, and Mn₃O₄) as the outer layer. When Mn⁰ was added alone, effective Tl(I) removal was achieved at high pH levels (>12). The Mn⁰-H₂O₂ system was only effective in Tl(I) removal at high pH (>12), while the Mn⁰-S₂O₈²⁻ or Mn⁰-ClO⁻ system had excellent Tl(I) removal (>96%) over a broad pH range (4–12). The Mn⁰-S₂O₈²⁻ oxidation system provided the best resistance to interference from an external organic matrix. The isotherm of Tl(I) removal through the Mn⁰-S₂O₈²⁻ system followed the Freundlich model. The Mn⁰ nanomaterials can activate persulfate to produce sulfate radicals and hydroxyl radicals. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy suggested that oxidation-induced precipitation, surface adsorption, and electrostatic attraction are the main mechanisms for Tl(I) removal resulting from the combination of Mn⁰ and oxidants. Mn⁰ coupled with S₂O₈²⁻/ClO⁻ is a novel and effective technique for Tl(I) removal, and its application in other fields is worthy of further investigation.     

石河子垦区农业生态环境

对垦区农业环境影响较突出的水污染状况，土壤次生盐渍化及土地沙化等环境问题进行研究分析，认为：垦区农业环境生态保护要兼顾垦区内外，绿洲内制约农业经济发展的重要问题仍然是水资源合理利用和土壤沙漠化问题，城市生态要严格控制工业废水的排放。     

Herbivorous amphipods inhabit protective microhabitats within thalli of giant kelp <Emphasis Type="Italic">Macrocystis pyrifera</Emphasis>

Many small marine herbivores utilize specific algal hosts, but the ultimate factors that shape host selection are not well understood. For example, the use of particular microhabitats within algal hosts and the functional role of these microhabitats have received little attention, especially in large algae such as kelps. We studied microhabitat use of the herbivorous amphipod Peramphithoe femorata that inhabits nest-like domiciles on the blades of giant kelp Macrocystis pyrifera. The vertical position of nest-bearing blades along the stipe of the algal thallus and the position of the nests within the lateral blades of M. pyrifera were surveyed in two kelp forests in northern-central Chile. Additionally, we conducted laboratory and field experiments to unravel the mechanisms driving the observed distributions. Peramphithoe femorata nests were predominantly built on the distal blade tips in apical sections of the stipes. Within-blade and within-stipe feeding preferences of P. femorata did not explain the amphipod distribution. Amphipods did not consistently select distal over proximal blade sections in habitat choice experiments. Mortality of tethered amphipods without nests was higher at the seafloor than at the sea surface in the field. Nests mitigated mortality of tethered amphipods, especially at the seafloor. Thus, protective microhabitats within thalli of large kelp species can substantially enhance survival of small marine herbivores. Our results suggest that differential survival from predation might be more important than food preferences in determining the microhabitat distribution of these herbivores.     

Rapid method for on-site determination of phenolic contaminants in water using a disposable biosensor

A disposable biosensor was fabricated using single-walled carbon nanotubes, gold nanoparticles and tyrosinase (SWCNTs-AuNPs-Tyr) modified screen-printed electrodes. The prepared biosensor was applied to the rapid determination of phenolic contaminants within 15 minutes. The SWCNTs-AuNPs-Tyr bionanocomposite sensing layer was characterized with scanning electron microscopy, electrochemical impedance spectroscopy and cyclic voltammetry methods. The characterization results revealed that SWCNTs could lead to a high loading of tyrosinase (Tyr) with the large surface area and the porous morphology, while AuNPs could retain the bioactivity of Tyr and enhance the sensitivity. The detection conditions, including working potential, pH of supporting electrolyte and the amount of Tyr were optimumed. As an example, the biosensor for catechol determination displayed a linear range of 8.0 × 10^-8 to 2.0 × 10^-5 mol·L^-1 with a detection limit of 4.5 × 10^-8 mol·L^-1 (S/N = 3). This method has a rapid response time within 10 s, and shows excellent repeatability and stability. Moreover, the resulting biosensor could be disposable, low-cost, reliable and easy to carry. This kind of new Tyr biosensor provides great potential for rapid, on-site and cost-effective analysis of phenolic contaminants in environmental water samples.     

小麦/玉米和蚕豆/玉米间作对土壤硝态氮累积和氮素利用效率的影响

提高氮肥利用效率,减少氮肥过量施用对环境造成的污染,是保障国家粮食生产和生态环境安全的关键.文章以甘肃河西灌区为试验地点,在0、300、450 kg·hm-2氮水平下,探讨了小麦(Triticum aestivum L.)/玉米(Zea mays L.)和蚕豆(Vicia faba L.)/玉米间作对土壤硝态氮累积和分布的影响.结果表明:随氮肥用量增加,0～60 cm土层土壤硝态氮相对累积量增加,100～200 cm土层降低.在3个氮水平下,蚕豆间作土壤硝态氮含量和累积量都低于单作.小麦间作在300 kg·hm-2氮水平下土壤硝态氮累积量都低于单作,但在0和450 kg·hm-2氮水平下,小麦收获后间作与单作近似,玉米收获后小麦间作土壤硝态氮累积量都低于单作.与小麦和蚕豆间作的玉米在300 kg·hm-2氮水平下土壤硝态氮累积量都低于单作玉米,在0和450 kg·hm-2氮水平下则表现不同.在300 kg·hm-2氮水平下,两种间作氮肥当季利用率都明显高于相应的单作,施氮量增加到450 kg·hm-2时,则表现不一样.     

高校宿舍火灾数值仿真模拟

高等院校的学生人数众多,住宿比较密集,存在不少安全隐患,宿舍火灾对学生的自身安全和财物安全构成重大威胁。宿舍灭火以及人员疏散的关键在于掌握火灾发生中的重要参数变化。笔者采用美国国家标准和技术研究院（NIST）开发的FDS（Fire Dynamic Simulator）软件,建立高校宿舍模型,对宿舍火灾进行全尺寸模拟。通过模拟实验给出了火灾发生过程中烟气运动、纵向温度变化和氧气浓度变化的规律,最后笔者提出一种有效的灭火防灾方案,并进行模拟和验证,为学校防火防灾决策提供有力的依据。     

华南高山背景地区黑碳云内清除特征

基于2020年南岭背景高山地区的3个典型云事件,利用地用逆流虚拟撞击器采集云中颗粒物,结合单颗粒黑碳光度计和激光雾滴谱仪分析黑碳浓度及云参数特征,探讨黑碳云内清除率及其影响因素.结果表明：进入云内的黑碳约占整体的20%,而云中含黑碳云滴的占比（4.67%）则少于含黑碳间隙颗粒的占比（15.31%）;黑碳的分粒径质量清除率和数量清除率接近,变化范围均为28%~59%;高液态含水量和云滴数浓度有利于黑碳云内清除率的增加,而黑碳云内清除率会随黑碳总浓度的增加而降低,各因素对于黑碳云内清除的影响由大到小为：云滴数浓度>液态含水量>总黑碳浓度.     

季节性河流的污染物总量控制框架构建

在概述有关季节性污水排放计划(SDP)研究内容的基础上,结合我国总量控制制度,借鉴国内外实施SDP的成功经验,构建了季节性总量控制的基本框架.根据我国河流水环境质量现状,指出在我国研究和实施季节性总量控制是可行的.针对当前实施季节性总量控制存在的问题,提出了今后的主要研究发展方向.     

不同功能区表层土中全氟化合物污染指纹及其来源解析

为探究区域功能对其表层土中全氟化合物(perfluorinated compounds,PFCs)污染指纹与含量水平的影响,采用固相萃取分离富集、高效液相色谱-质谱联用与源解析相结合的方法,分析了深圳市公园、居民小区、十字路口、工厂周边4个功能区和城市背景共76份表层土中14种PFCs的含量.结果表明,深圳市表层土总PFCs(ΣPFCs)含量受区域功能影响显著,呈工厂周边(P<0.001)>>十字路口(P<0.01)>>居民小区(P<0.05)>>公园>城市背景的分布.其中工厂周边、居民小区、公园表层土中PFCs呈中链(P<0.05)>>长链>短链的分布,而十字路口则呈中链≈短链(P<0.05)>>长链的分布.同时,以全氟辛烷磺酸、全氟辛酸、全氟十三酸为主要标志物的3个主成分可以解释深圳表层土超过81%的ΣPFCs,十字路口以及电镀、油漆厂周边表层土呈现出较清晰的PFCs污染指纹.