硝基甲苯对小鼠睾丸生殖细胞DNA的损伤作用

为提供硝基甲苯的环境遗传毒理学依据和建立鱼类生殖细胞的培养方法,采用昆明小鼠睾丸支持细胞/生殖细胞共培养法以及彗星实验,研究了2,4-二硝基甲苯(2,4-DNT)、2,6-二硝基甲苯(2,6-DNT)、对硝基甲苯(4-NT)对小鼠睾丸生殖细胞DNA的损伤作用.结果表明,3种受试硝基甲苯化合物均能够诱导小鼠睾丸生殖细胞DNA单链断裂,而且其受损率与剂量对数具有明显的剂量-效应关系.2,4-DNT、2,6-DNT以及4-NT的各个剂量浓度引起细胞DNA损伤的程度,与对照组相比,均具有显着性差异(p<0.01,p<0.05).受试化合物的毒性顺序为2,6-DNT>2,4-DNT>4-NT,DNA的损伤作用二硝基甲苯大于单硝基甲苯.提示在体外条件下,2,4-DNT、2,6-DNT和4-NT具有生殖毒性,可以引起小鼠睾丸生殖细胞DNA损伤.     

随机地震作用下BRB加固既有结构的可靠度分析∗

随着服役年限的增加,既有结构会出现材料力学性能经时退化。为精细化分析随机地震作用下既有结构及其加固后的安全性,利用非平稳地震动过程的降维模拟,并结合基于概率密度演化理论和等价极值分布的首次超越破坏可靠度分析方法,以层间位移角为评价指标,制定了3 种在不同位置布设人字形BRB 的加固方案。根据随机地震作用下BRB 加固既有结构的动力可靠度来确定3 种方案中的较优者。同时,依次用V 字形和斜支撑替换较优方案中的人字形支撑,并对比分析它们的动力可靠度,以寻找最优随机非线性振动控制的BRB 布设位置和支撑形式,为维修加固及抗震设计提供更为合理的途径。结果表明：本文方法为既有结构及其加固结构的抗震可靠度精细化计算提供了新途径,BRB 的不同布设位置及支撑形式能在一定程度上提高既有结构的动力可靠性。     

合肥市冬季PM_(2.5)中水溶性离子化学特征分析

基于2021年12月1日-2022年2月28日合肥市细颗粒物(PM_(2.5))及其水溶性离子连续观测数据,分析了合肥市冬季PM_(2.5)中水溶性离子化学特征以及不同污染程度下水溶性离子化学特征。结果表明:采样期间合肥市PM_(2.5)污染较重,不同污染程度下PM_(2.5)浓度差异较大,中度及以上污染天的ρ(PM_(2.5))平均值分别是清洁天和轻度污染天的2.8和1.3倍。二次水溶性无机离子[硝酸根离子(NO_(3)^(-))、铵根离子(NH+4)和硫酸根离子(SO_(2)-4),简称SNA]是合肥市PM_(2.5)的重要组成部分,随着污染程度的加重,PM_(2.5)二次生成比例随之下降。NH+4是合肥市水溶性离子中中和能力最强的离子,易与NO_(3)^(-)和SO_(2)-4结合分别形成NH_(4)NO_(3)和(NH_(4))_(2)SO_(4)。合肥市SO_(2)和NO_(2)均易发生二次转化,且SO_(2)较NO_(2)更容易发生二次转化。钙离子(Ca^(2+))和镁离子(Mg^(2+))相关性较高,说明合肥市PM_(2.5)可能受扬尘影响较大;钾离子(K^(+))是生物质燃烧的指示离子,氯离子(Cl^(-))与K^(+)相关性较好,说明合肥市PM_(2.5)组分中的Cl^(-)和K^(+)主要来自生物质燃烧。PM_(2.5)中水溶性离子受降水和温度影响较大。     

Migration and remediation of organic liquid pollutants in porous soils and sedimentary rocks: a review

Environmental Chemistry Letters - Underground pollution of soils and sediments is a major yet overlooked health issue, because pollutants are often trapped into inaccessible&nbsp;and complex...     

Predicting the elemental compositions of solid waste using ATR-FTIR and machine learning

● A method based on ATR-FTIR and ML was developed to predict CHNS contents in waste. ● Feature selection methods were used to improve models’ prediction accuracy. ● The best model predicted C, H, and N contents with accuracy R ² ≥ 0.93, 0.87, 0.97. ● Some suitable models showed insensitivity to spectral noise. ● Under moisture interference, the models still had good prediction performance. Elemental composition is a key parameter in solid waste treatment and disposal. This study has proposed a method based on infrared spectroscopy and machine learning algorithms that can rapidly predict the elemental composition (C, H, N, S) of solid waste. Both noise and moisture spectral interference that may occur in practical application are investigated. By comparing two feature selection methods and five machine learning algorithms, the most suitable models are selected. Moreover, the impacts of noise and moisture on the models are discussed, with paper, plastic, textiles, wood, and leather as examples of recyclable waste components. The results show that the combination of the feature selection and K-nearest neighbor (KNN) approaches exhibits the best prediction performance and generalization ability. Particularly, the coefficient of determination (R²) of the validation set, cross validation and test set are higher than 0.93, 0.89, and 0.97 for predicting the C, H, and N contents, respectively. Further, KNN is less sensitive to noise. Under moisture interference, the combination of feature selection and support vector regression or partial least-squares regression shows satisfactory results. Therefore, the elemental compositions of solid waste are quickly and accurately predicted under noise and moisture disturbances using infrared spectroscopy and machine learning algorithms.     

Effects of sulfur on variations in the chemical speciation of heavy metals from fly ash glass

● A higher sulfur content reduced the curing rate of Cr in glass. ● Depolymerization increased the amounts of heavy metals in the carbonate bound state. ● Reducing the CaO/SiO₂ ratio increased the proportion of stable heavy metals. This work designed a new CaO-Al₂O₃-SiO₂-SO₃ glass for the immobilization of multiple heavy metals found in dechlorinated fly ash having high amounts of calcium and sulfur. Increasing the (CaO + SO₃)/SiO₂ mass ratio (M(CS/S)) from 0.28 to 0.85 was found to lower the proportions of Mn, Ni and Zn in an unstable state, while an M(CS/S) ratio of 0.51 gave the lowest proportions of unstable Cr and Pb. Decreasing the degree of polymerization of the glassy network increased the proportions of Mn, Cr, Ni, Pb and Zn in the carbonate bound state. The leaching out of metals in this state was the primary cause of degradation of Q³ structural units in the glassy network. The amount of Mn in the iron-manganese oxide bound state was increased by increasing the number of Q² units in the silicate network. Decreasing the CaO/SiO₂ mass ratio (M(C/S)) raised the proportions of Mn, Ni and Zn in the unstable state. An M(C/S) value of 0.43 lowered the proportions of unstable Cr and Pb. A principal components analysis determined that the leaching of toxic heavy metals from the glass was primarily related to the proportions of these metals in the unstable state while there were no evident correlations between leaching and the proportions in stable states.     

Herbivorous amphipods inhabit protective microhabitats within thalli of giant kelp <Emphasis Type="Italic">Macrocystis pyrifera</Emphasis>

Many small marine herbivores utilize specific algal hosts, but the ultimate factors that shape host selection are not well understood. For example, the use of particular microhabitats within algal hosts and the functional role of these microhabitats have received little attention, especially in large algae such as kelps. We studied microhabitat use of the herbivorous amphipod Peramphithoe femorata that inhabits nest-like domiciles on the blades of giant kelp Macrocystis pyrifera. The vertical position of nest-bearing blades along the stipe of the algal thallus and the position of the nests within the lateral blades of M. pyrifera were surveyed in two kelp forests in northern-central Chile. Additionally, we conducted laboratory and field experiments to unravel the mechanisms driving the observed distributions. Peramphithoe femorata nests were predominantly built on the distal blade tips in apical sections of the stipes. Within-blade and within-stipe feeding preferences of P. femorata did not explain the amphipod distribution. Amphipods did not consistently select distal over proximal blade sections in habitat choice experiments. Mortality of tethered amphipods without nests was higher at the seafloor than at the sea surface in the field. Nests mitigated mortality of tethered amphipods, especially at the seafloor. Thus, protective microhabitats within thalli of large kelp species can substantially enhance survival of small marine herbivores. Our results suggest that differential survival from predation might be more important than food preferences in determining the microhabitat distribution of these herbivores.     

Rapid method for on-site determination of phenolic contaminants in water using a disposable biosensor

A disposable biosensor was fabricated using single-walled carbon nanotubes, gold nanoparticles and tyrosinase (SWCNTs-AuNPs-Tyr) modified screen-printed electrodes. The prepared biosensor was applied to the rapid determination of phenolic contaminants within 15 minutes. The SWCNTs-AuNPs-Tyr bionanocomposite sensing layer was characterized with scanning electron microscopy, electrochemical impedance spectroscopy and cyclic voltammetry methods. The characterization results revealed that SWCNTs could lead to a high loading of tyrosinase (Tyr) with the large surface area and the porous morphology, while AuNPs could retain the bioactivity of Tyr and enhance the sensitivity. The detection conditions, including working potential, pH of supporting electrolyte and the amount of Tyr were optimumed. As an example, the biosensor for catechol determination displayed a linear range of 8.0 × 10^-8 to 2.0 × 10^-5 mol·L^-1 with a detection limit of 4.5 × 10^-8 mol·L^-1 (S/N = 3). This method has a rapid response time within 10 s, and shows excellent repeatability and stability. Moreover, the resulting biosensor could be disposable, low-cost, reliable and easy to carry. This kind of new Tyr biosensor provides great potential for rapid, on-site and cost-effective analysis of phenolic contaminants in environmental water samples.     

道路绿地消减噪声服务功能研究——以北京市为例

在城市化带来的环境问题中,噪声已成为影响城市居民身心健康的主要因素之一,而配置合理的绿地对噪声具有明显的降低作用。论文从绿地消减噪声的机理出发,基于实验测定结果,结合绿地斑块调查数据,对北京市城区道路绿地降噪效果及其价值进行了研究。结果如下:①不同组成结构的道路绿地降噪能力不同,其中乔灌草结构道路绿地降噪能力最强,其次为乔木类和灌木类,草坪类最差,各类型绿地降噪能力均随宽度的增加而增加;②北京市城区道路绿地年降噪9.35×10⁷ dB(A)·a^-1,其中乔灌草结构绿地占92.95%,单位面积道路绿地平均降噪20 477 dB(A)·hm^-2·a^-1,其中乔灌草结构绿地最高,为23 505 dB(A)·hm^-2·a^-1,分别是乔木类的2.92倍,灌木类的17.92倍,草坪类的18.64倍;③北京市城区道路绿地消减噪声的年价值为7.13×10⁸元·a^-1,单位面积道路绿地降噪价值为156 033元·hm^-2·a^-1。研究表明,北京市城区道路绿地结构搭配较为合理,在消减噪声方面发挥了重要作用,具有可观的生态效益。     

Interactions between polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and epoxide hydrolase 1 play roles in asthma

Environmental Geochemistry and Health - Asthma, as one of the most common chronic diseases in children and adults, is a consequence of complex gene–environment interactions. Polycyclic...