燃煤锅炉协同处置油基岩屑碳排放核算及降碳贡献度分析

我国电力行业CO₂排放量巨大,约占全国CO₂排放总量的50%. 有效降低电力行业的碳排放,对我国按时实现“3060”碳达峰与碳中和的目标将起到有力支撑. 石油和天然气开采过程中产生的油基岩屑因含有较高的热值可作为锅炉煤炭燃料的替代燃料使用. 为探明利用燃煤锅炉协同处置油基岩屑的碳减排效果,选取某电站600 MW循环流化床锅炉,以30%的比例掺烧油基岩屑,并参照《温室气体排放核算与报告要求 第1部分:发电企业》和《企业温室气体排放核算方法与报告指南 发电设施(征求意见稿)》两种核算方法计算协同处置前后锅炉CO₂的排放量. 结果表明:①在30%的掺加比下,油基岩屑协同处置具有碳减排效果. 两种核算方法计算的降碳量分别为159.2和157.7 t,降碳比分别为0.543和0.538. ②油基岩屑焚烧产生的CO₂排放量小于被替代的煤炭燃烧产生的碳排放量,是协同处置具有碳减排效益的主要原因. ③核算法与检测法CO₂排放量的差异表明,企业源评估模型碳核算法最主要的不确定性来源于检测数据的精准度. 研究显示,燃煤锅炉协同处置油基岩屑具有一定的CO₂减排效果,单位热值含碳量和消耗量是影响碳减排效果的两个关键因素,建议开展油基岩屑掺加比与碳减排量间的相关性研究,为规模化开展燃煤锅炉协同处置降碳工作提供参考.      

南海珊瑚礁区棘冠海星重金属含量及其生物积累特征分析

棘冠海星（Acanthaster planci）是珊瑚的天敌,可以对珊瑚礁生态系统造成重大的危害,但迄今尚未见其重金属含量与生物积累特征的报道。本文以南海珊瑚礁区的棘冠海星为研究对象,利用电感耦合等离子体质谱仪测定其12种重金属（含类金属As）的含量,通过主成分分析、Kruskal-Wallis方差检验的方法解析其分布...     

长江三角洲地区耕地质量变化的初步研究——以锡山市为例

长江三角洲地区耕地质量变化的监测是区土地可持续利用研究的重点领域。锡山市位于太湖平原北部，其耕地质量变化过程反映了长江三角洲腹地经济发展水平较高地区的耕地现状和发展趋势。本研究以锡山市为典型区，依据第二次土壤普查资料，多年土壤监测数据和有关耕地系统状态的统计数据，结合研究区耕地状况的调查分析，提出了支持压力－状态－响应模型的耕地质量评价指标体系，并据此指标体系分析了该区耕地质量变化趋势。结果表明，该区耕地系统的发展总体上是可控的、有序的、但是耕地系统产出能力的稳定性呈下降趋势，系统高水平投入的维持面临较大的压力。鉴于人口增加和耕地持续减少的态势在很长一段时间内难以逆转，耕地占补的质量差异因素，是该区能否实现耕地总量动态平衡的关键所在。     

长期覆膜条件下农田土壤微生物群落的响应特征

地膜覆盖是农业生产中保障粮食增产增收的重要措施.为明确长期地膜覆盖对农田土壤微生物群落结构特征的影响,采集4个不同覆膜年限的农田土壤,利用高通量测序技术分析土壤细菌和真菌群落结构变化,探讨长期覆膜农田土壤中微生物群落的变化及其对微生物生态环境效应的影响.结果表明,长期覆膜对土壤细菌多样性无显著影响,但降低真菌多样性;长期覆膜使土壤细菌酸杆菌（Acidobacteriota）和真菌被孢霉菌（Mortierellomycetes）物种丰度降低,增加土壤放线菌（Actinobacteriota）物种丰度.长期覆膜可以使土壤富集细菌中的芽孢杆菌（Bacillus）和类诺卡氏菌（Nocardioidaceae）,及真菌中的肉座菌目（Hypocreales）和曲霉菌（Aspergillus）等有益微生物菌群.然而长期覆膜使土壤真菌共生网络变得简单而脆弱,其关键物种仅有子囊菌门中的粪壳菌目（Sordariales）中的未知菌属一种,因此对农田土壤生态环境带来潜在风险.本研究为深化了解长期覆膜对农田微生物生态环境效应的影响提供理论依据.     

确定性系数与地理探测器模型耦合的泥石流易发性评估方法研究∗——以安宁河流域为例

通过确定性系数与地理探测器模型耦合的方法研究耦合模型对泥石流灾害易发性评估的影响。基于遥感判识和野外考察确定安宁河流域内的 198 条泥石流沟作为评估样本,选取坡度、地面峰值加速度、地形起伏度、地层岩性、植被覆盖度、植被类型、地形湿度指数以及地貌演化指数作为评价因子,耦合确定性系数和地理探测器模型,分别计算各评价因子分级取值和因子权重,进行安宁河流域泥石流易发性等级分区。研究结果表明：(1)地理探测器方法定量分析安宁河流域内泥石流发育的主要贡献因子为地面峰值加速度、地形起伏度和坡度。(2)泥石流极高易发区和高易发区分别占流域总面积的 9.67% 和 12.02%,高易发区主要分布在安宁河流域两岸且呈条带状分布。 (3)利用 ROC 曲线对泥石流易发性评估精度进行验证,耦合模型的 AUC 值达到 0.824,相比单种模型 CF 模型的评估精度 0.786 提升了 4.8%,具有更高的准确率,评价效果更优。     

Modeling Short Range Air Dispersion from Area Sources of Non-buoyant Toxics

A model based on K-theory has been developed for describing the short range air dispersion from area sources of non-buoyant toxics. Model parameter estimation is via boundary layer theory. Lateral dispersion by plume meander is considered but ail other sources of horizontal dispersion are neglected. The model can be applied on and near area sources and it can be adapted for predictions of downwind concentrations with a wide variety of meteorological Inputs.

The model has been evaluated by simulating the data obtained during atmospheric tracer studies and by comparison to vinyl chloride concentrations near the BKK landfill in southern California. The model appears to represent a useful and accurate tool for regulatory planning and risk assessment close to area sources of toxics.     

Three-dimensional patterns of moisture, water repellency, bromide and pH in a sandy soil

Soil water repellency might lead to preferential flow of water and solutes through the unsaturated zone of soils. To study this process in a water repellent sandy field soil, a bromide tracer had been applied on a 2.2 m long and 0.4 m wide plot. The bromide application rate was 8 g/m², and the plot was sampled using 100 cm³ steel cylinders after 52 mm of rainfall in 12 days. A total of seven layers were sampled to a depth of 74 cm. Each layer was sampled at 240 locations in a 40 by 6 grid. All samples were used for the determination of soil water content, degree of actual and potential water repellency, bromide concentration and pH. The spatial distribution of these properties was visualized three-dimensionally and compared. The degree of water repellency, bromide concentration, and pH distribution bore close resemblance to the fingered flow induced soil water content distribution. The degree of potential water repellency was relatively low in places with such fingers. Actual water repellency occurred between the fingers at the dry spots. Bromide was not found, or only in very low concentrations, in such places. Bromide depth profiles clearly indicated the occurrence of diverging flow in the wetter subsoil. Most likely, manuring activities during the last decades resulted in relatively high pH values in the topsoil, and in the subsoil along the recurring fingered flow pathways.     

Enhanced degradation of carbofuran in pacific northwest soils

Abstract

Persistence of ¹⁴C‐carbonyl carbofuran was measured in Pacific Northwest soils that had received 1–14 applications of the insecticide for root weevil control on perennial crops. Insecticide decay curves were obtained in nonautoclaved soil and several autoclaved soil samples from previously‐treated fields and in nonautoclaved soils from paired control sites not previously treated with carbofuran. The insecticide usually degraded faster in soil from previously‐treated fields than in soil from corresponding control fields. Among 26 previously‐treated fields, the pseudo half‐life (time for 50% loss) of carbofuran was < one wk in 11 soils, 1–3 wks in 8 soils and > 4 wks in the remaining soils. Among the nontreated control fields the pseudo half‐life was > than 2 wks in all cases and > than 15 wks in 5 of the soils. The carbofuran decay curve always possessed an initial lag phase where soil mixing enhanced insecticide decline. Carbofuran degraded very slowly in autoclaved soil samples. The half‐life of carbofuran exceeded 16 wk in all autoclaved soils tested and in most instances 85–90% of the original dosage remained when the tests were terminated 112 days after treatment. These results provided evidence that many of the soils which received applications of carbofuran over the past several years have developed a capacity to degrade carbofuran very rapidly.     

pH值对纳米零价铁吸附降解2,4-二氯苯酚的影响

在不同pH条件下,对纳米铁(颗粒粒径为30～40 nm)及其降解2,4-二氯苯酚反应体系进行取样,并进行透射电子显微镜(TEM)、扫描电子显微镜-能谱联用(SEM-EDX)以及电感耦合等离子体发射光谱(ICP-OES)等形貌观测与分析表征,以考察pH值在纳米零价铁降解氯酚反应过程中的影响和作用.结果表明,在降解2,4-二氯苯酚的过程中纳米铁由分散的颗粒逐渐团聚,其表面逐渐氧化,并最终被呈针状结晶的碱式氧化亚铁(FeOOH)覆盖,从而阻碍了降解反应的进一步进行.在酸性体系中,纳米零价铁的氧化和团聚现象有所缓解,尽管会造成一部分铁量的损失,但反应产生大量的亚铁离子参与并促进了脱氯降解反应的进行,反应过程中溶液pH值有逐渐升高的趋势.不同pH条件下,纳米铁对氯酚的去除率随pH值的降低而升高,酸性条件有利于提高氯酚的还原降解速率,当pH=3时,24 h内氯酚的去除率可达到90%以上.     

象山港养殖区缢蛏和泥蚶的Cu、Cd、Pb含量及其健康风险评价

根据2010年全年4个季节象山港5个养殖区(大佳何、郭巨、咸祥、桐照、西店)两种贝类(缢蛏、泥蚶)体中的3种重金属(Cu、Cd、Pb)的检测结果,分析和比较了象山港内贝类体中的重金属含量,并应用两种评价模型进行了健康风险评价.结果为:所测得Cu、Pb、Cd在5个不同的养殖区的缢蛏和泥蚶体中的含量分别在2.89～4.99、0.24～0.39、0.12～0.22mg.kg-1和0.79～1.05、0.10～0.38、2.17～4.60mg.kg-1范围,其中大佳何的缢蛏体内的Cu、Pb含量要高于其他4个养殖区,郭巨的泥蚶体内的Cd含量高于其他4个区;其次,同一种重金属Cu、Pb、Cd在两种贝类中的含量分别为1.52～10.48和0.66～1.20mg.kg-1,0.08～0.68和0.02～1.01mg.kg-1,及0.04～0.50和0.74～4.43mg.kg-1范围,Cu在缢蛏体中的含量远远大于泥蚶,而Cd在泥蚶中的含量远远大于缢蛏;所得结论为:不同养殖区内,同一种重金属在同种贝类体内的含量存在明显的差异;同一种重金属在不同种类贝类中的含量也存在明显的差异;贝类的不同养殖规格及不同年龄间Cu、Pb、Cd的含量基本相同,无明显差异;采用USEPA和PMTDI两种健康风险评价模型得出相同的结果:除泥蚶体中Cd可能存在致癌健康风险外,其他对人体均不存在健康风险.