淀粉改性絮凝剂制备及其对污泥絮凝性能研究

利用60Co-γ辐射,以共辐照接枝技术制备出淀粉-丙烯酰胺接枝共聚物。研究了各种反应条件对丙烯酰胺(Acrylamide,AM)接枝率和单体利用率的影响规律,利用傅里叶红外光谱对接枝产物进行了表征。结果表明,其最佳合成条件为:辐射剂量15 kGy,淀粉与AM质量配比0.5∶1,阻聚剂添加量0.02%AM,单体浓度5%,产品接枝率达244%,单体利用率达171%。接枝产物通过Mannich反应阳离子化后考察其对剩余污泥絮凝性能,试验结果表明:改性絮凝剂(CSPAM)对剩余污泥的絮凝效果优于市售PAM,且CSPAM最佳用量小于PAM。     

塔里木河上游典型绿洲土壤酶活性与环境因子相关分析

土壤酶能反映土壤生物化学过程的强度与方向,深入解析土壤酶活性与环境因子的相关性,有助于探索土壤生态过程,为开展土壤系统的科学调控提供科学依据.以塔里木河上游阿拉尔垦区为研究区,选择新开棉田、10 a棉田、30 a棉田、果园、人工林、天然林、荒草地、盐碱地及沙地等不同土地利用类型为研究对象,运用经典统计学分析绿洲土壤酶活性及环境因子的分异规律,并结合冗余分析技术研究土壤酶活性与环境因子相关关系.经典统计学分析显示,土壤过氧化氢酶、脲酶、转化酶、碱性磷酸酶活性均值分别为4.27 m L·g-1、0.34 mg·g-1、2.08 m L·g-1、0.08 mg·g-1.冗余分析结果表明:全氮、有机质、有效磷、土壤含水量、全盐与土壤酶活性呈极显著相关性(P0.01);土壤容重与土壤酶活性表现为显著相关性;其他环境因子与土壤酶活性的相关性均不显著(P0.05).环境因子与土壤酶活性相关性大小排序为全氮有机质有效磷土壤含水量全盐容重速效钾p H.     

Protecting the photosynthetic performance of snap bean under free air ozone exposure

Tropospheric ozone(O_3) is a major air pollutant and causes serious injury to vegetation. To protect sensitive plants from O_3 damage, several agrochemicals have been assessed,including cytokinin(e.g., kinetin, KIN) and ethylenediurea(EDU) with cytokinin-like activity.In higher plant, leaves are primarily injured by O_3 and protective agrochemicals are often applied by leaf spraying. To our knowledge, the mitigating abilities of EDU and KIN have not been compared directly in a realistic setup. In the present research, impacts of elevated O3(2 × ambient O_3, 24 hr per day, for 8 days) on an O_3 sensitive line(S156) of snap bean(Phaseolus vulgaris), which is often used for biomonitoring O_3 pollution, were studied in a free air controlled exposure system. The day before starting the O_3 exposure, plants were sprayed with a solution of EDU(300 ppm), KIN(1 mmol/L) or distilled water, to compare their protective abilities. The results demonstrated that 2 × ambient O_3 inhibited net photosynthetic rate and stomatal conductance, increased the minimal fluorescence yield of the dark-adapted state, decreased the maximal quantum yield of PSII photochemistry, and led to visible injury. KIN and EDU alleviated the reduction of the photosynthetic performance, and visible injury under O_3 fumigation. The plants sprayed with EDU showed greater ability to mitigate the O_3 damage than those sprayed with KIN. Chlorophyll fluorescence imaging may have detected more precisely the differences in O_3 response across the leaf than the conventional fluorometer.     

六氯苯和重金属复合污染沉积物的电动力学修复研究

以某化工厂排污沟渠中受六氯苯(hexachlorobenzene,HCB)、锌和镍复合污染的实际沉积物为对象,研究非离子表面活性剂OP-10对沉积物中污染物的增溶解吸效果和电动力学修复污染物的强化迁移效果。解吸实验结果表明:OP-10对HCB增溶解吸效果较好,对重金属离子的解吸有一定的促进作用。电动力学修复发现,随电渗析流进入沉积物中的OP-10很快的吸附在靠近阳极沉积物上,从而阻碍了助剂的输送并影响HCB的迁移,而靠近阴极区域沉积物中的有机质迁移会促进HCB的去除。沉积物pH变化引起的重金属沉淀是制约锌迁移的主要因素。镍的整体迁移效果不明显。     

陕西省山地日照时间的空间分布特征

基于100 m×100 m分辨率的DEM数据,根据太阳光线与起伏地形之间的几何关系,全面考虑坡度、坡向、地形遮蔽等地形因子对可照时间的影响,通过数值模拟,确定山区可照时间计算模型;同时利用常规气象站资料考虑大气对日照时间的影响,建立陕西省山区日照时间估算模型。采用交叉验证和个例年分析法进行模型验证,模型的精度和稳定性均较好。通过模型计算陕西省100 m×100 m分辨率各月可照时间、气候平均日照时间的空间分布。结果表明:局地地形对日照时间空间分布影响比较明显,山区可照时间与同纬度平地相比明显差异,表现出可照时间的非地带性分布特征;尤以冬季地形作用最显著;夏季影响最弱;同时年日照时间呈现出北高南低的空间分布特征,但局地地形因子的影响依然存在。最后详细探讨了坡度、坡向、地形遮蔽等因子对山区日照时间的局地影响规律。     

“十五”期间沈阳市经济发展与环境保护的相互促进分析

论述了沈阳市“十五”期间经济发展及能源消耗的变化趋势,在阐述城市建设对环境保护的促进作用及“十五”期间沈阳市环境质量变化趋势的基础上,对沈阳市经济发展与环境质量的相互促进进行了分析。     

个旧地区环境中氡水平及其与地质特点的关系

为了研究个旧地区环境中氡的浓度及分布、运移规律,采用ＳＳＮＴＤ方法,于１９９０－１９９２年间在个旧地区进行了氡的环境地质野外考察和土壤、居室内布点监测,共获４７９个数据。结果表明,尽管在个旧地区未发现铀、钍矿物,土壤氡水平普遍超过世界地壳土壤氡水平均值。居民室内氡水平均值高达４７１．９Ｂｑ·ｍ－３,远高于我国部分省、市近年来所测氡水平值,位于断裂带的居室氡水平高于远离断裂带的居室。个旧地区室内氡夏季高,冬季低,与一些国内、外有关报道结果相反。氡水平与楼层高度呈正相关,顶层为底层的２．７０倍。调查结果可能与个旧地区的环境地质因素有关。建议采取远离地质断裂带建房和防止上升气流逸入室内的防氡辐射进而防癌的措施。     

An online monitoring system for atmospheric nitrous acid (HONO) based on stripping coil and ion chromatography

A new instrument for measuring atmospheric nitrous acid(HONO) was developed,consisting of a double-wall glass stripping coil sampler coupled with ion chromatography(SC-IC).SC-IC is featured by small size(50 × 35 × 25 cm) and modular construction,including three independent parts:the sampling unit,the transfer and supporting unit,and the detection unit.High collection efficiency(> 99%) was achieved with 25 μmol/L Na2CO3 as absorption solution even in the presence of highly acidic compounds.This instrument has a detection limit of 8 pptv at 15 min time resolution,with a measurement uncertainty of 7%.Potential interferences from NOx,NO2+SO2,NO2+VOCs,HONO+O3,HNO3,peroxyacetyl nitrite(PAN) and particle nitrite were quantified in laboratory studies and were found to be insignificant under typical atmospheric conditions.Within the framework of the 3C-STAR project,inter-comparison between the SC-IC and LOPAP(long path liquid absorption photometer) was conducted at a rural site in the Pearl River Delta.Good agreement was achieved between the two instruments over three weeks.Both instruments determined a clear diurnal profile of ambient HONO concentrations from 0.1 to 2.5 ppbv.However,deviations were found for low ambient HONO concentrations(i.e.< 0.3 ppbv),which cannot be explained by previous investigated interference species.To accurately determine the HONO budget under illuminated conditions,more intercomparison of HONO measurement techniques is still needed in future studies,especially at low HONO concentrations.     

建筑陶瓷碳计量与优化模型研究

采用投入产出分析方法和目标规划方法,以某建陶企业为代表,建立了建筑陶瓷产业投入产出模型及低碳优化模型,利用投入产出模型计量和预估了建筑陶瓷产业关键环节碳排放和产品碳足迹;应用低碳优化模型对建筑陶瓷企业的产品计划进行了低碳优化.结果表明,建筑陶瓷企业年二氧化碳排放量达182 543.9 t,单位产品碳排放量多于国外先进水平10%以上;影响建筑陶瓷产业二氧化碳排放的关键环节为烧成和喷雾干燥过程,烧成和喷雾干燥过程排放的二氧化碳占总排放的80%以上;3种建筑陶瓷产品中,坯砖、抛光砖、釉面砖的万平米产量碳足迹依次为150.2、168.0、159.6 t.建筑陶瓷企业经低碳模型优化后可以在保证同样利润的同时降低5.4%的碳排放,也可以在保证碳排放相同的条件下使利润提高5.6%.     

Factors influencing the contents of metals and As in soils around the watershed of Guanting Reservoir, China

Topsoil samples from 61 sites around the Guanting Reservoir,China,were measured for Cu,Zn,Cr,Ni,Cd,Pb and As concentrations.The mean concentrations of Cu,Zn,Cr,Ni,Cd,Pb and As were 16.8,59.4,37.8,18.3,0.32,20.1 and 8.67 mg/kg dry weight,respectively.Factors that influence the dynamics of these metals in soils around the watersheds of Beijing reservoirs were examined.The influence of atmospheric deposition,land use,soil texture,soil type and soil chemical parameters on metal contents in soils was investigated.Atmospheric deposition,land use and soil texture were the important factors affecting heavy metal residues.Soil type and soil chemical parameters were also involved in heavy metal retention in soils.The data provided in this study are considered crucial for reservoir remediation,especially since the Guanting Reservoir will serve as one of the main drinking water sources for Beijing in the foreseeable future.