沙尘对直升机挂架影响的分析及试验验证方法

介绍了直升机寿命周期中遇到的沙尘环境类型和沙尘破坏机理以及影响沙尘作用的主要因素。系统地分析了沙尘对挂架的影响以及在挂架设计中的抗沙尘设计和实际使用过程中的控制和防护,最后给出了实验室沙尘环境模拟试验方法。     

扬州市长江段不同水层中鱼类有机氯农药残留研究

鱼肉含有的蛋白质,脂肪,矿物质,维生素对人的健康起到重要的作用,因而被大多数人所青睐。由于有机氯农药具有较高的杀虫活性,曾被广泛使用。中国早已停产,但由于其性质稳定在自然界不易分解属于高残留农药,残留于植物中有机氯农药,可通过＂食物链＂或其他途径进入动物体内,鱼类也会受影响。本文根据淡水鱼在水中分布状况,选取了扬州市长江段生活在不同水层中三种鱼类为分析对象。选取容易富集有机氯农药的腹部肌肉为实验样品测定部位,采用加速溶剂萃取法前处理分析鱼肉中有机氯农药并对该分析方法进行完善,通过实验总结出能满足环境监测工作中对淡水河流中鱼类有机氯农药测定,并能及时掌握淡水鱼类中有机氯农药对人身健康状况的影响。     

Analysis of diffusion-adsorption equivalency of landfill liner systems for organic contaminants

The equivalence between multilayered barriers regarding diffusion and adsorption is analyzed by means of an analytical method. The bottom boundary of the liner system is defined by assuming concentration continuous and flux continuous conditions of the contaminant between the bottom liner layer and the underlying soil. Five different liner systems were compared in terms of solute breakthrough time. The results of the analysis show that breakthrough time of the hydrophobic organic compounds for a 2-meter-thick compacted clay liner (CCL) can be 3-4 orders of magnitude greater than the breakthrough time for a geosynthetic clay liner (GCL) composite liner. The GM/GCL and GM/CCL composite liner systems provide a better diffusion barrier for the hydrophilic organic compounds than that for the hydrophobic compounds due to their different Henry's coefficient. The calculated breakthrough times of the organic contaminants for the Chinese standard liner systems were found to be generally greater than those for the GCL alternatives, for the specific conditions examined. If the distribution coefficient increases to 2.8 for the hydrophobic compounds or 1.0 for the hydrophilic compounds, the thickness of the attenuation layer needed to achieve the same breakthrough time as the standard liner systems can be reduced by a factor of about 1.9-2.4. As far as diffusive and adsorption contaminant transport are concerned, GM or GCL is less effective than CCL.     

城市污水处理厂污泥的综合利用与资源化

随着城市污水处理厂不断建成与使用,污泥量的增加速度越来越快。污泥作为污水处理的副产品,如果不及时处理将造成严重的二次污染。通过对当前污泥综合利用和资源化技术及其发展趋势的分析,结合调查实例,综述了我国城市污水处理厂污泥资源化利用方法与途径;提出了进一步加强对污泥的资源化研究,开发出低能耗、低成本、高效率的能够广泛应用的资源化方法,应是今后研究中的重点。     

基于总磷的长湖水环境容量核算

在对长湖流域水资源状况、水质现状、水文条件调查的基础上,根据水质目标的要求,利用纳污水体的概率型水环境容量模型,对基于总磷的长湖水环境容量进行了核算。结果表明：长湖的水环境容量是动态变化的,而模型的选取和参数的取值对概率型水环境容量的计算非常关键。通过计算分析得到长湖磷的概率水环境容量为：19％丰水期：41．9t／a-45．9t／a;49％平水期：31．8t／a～41．9Va;32％枯水期：11．8t／a～31．8t／a。     

硒连续化学提取技术中的若干问题讨论

硒的生物可利用性、毒性、环境行为和生物效应等不仅仅与硒的总量有关,更取决于硒的形态。硒的连续化学提取技术是硒形态研究的一个重要手段。在硒七步连续提取方案的基础上,重点探讨了有机结合态、元素态、硫化物/硒化物结合态硒的提取技术细节,讨论了不同液固比和提取剂对硒提取的影响,并对不同结合态硒提取中存在的问题进行了相应讨论。研究结果表明:在硒的连续化学提取过程中,液固比为20:1到50:1时能够满足不同结合态硒提取的要求;在水浴加热条件下,NaOH浓度0.1～0.5mol/L时能有效提取有机结合态硒;1mol/LNa2SO3溶液是元素硒的较好提取剂;而对于硫化物/硒化物结合态硒,600～700ml/min的载气气流能保证其还原所产生HSe气体的完全吸收。     

Response of soil microorganisms to vegetational succession in Ziwuling Forest

This study investigates the changes in soil microbial populations as vegetational succession progress from abandoned farmland to climax forest in the Ziwuling Forest, which is located in the northern part of the Loess Plateau, China. Different organic C and total extractable N between the fumigated and non-fumigated soils were assumed to be released from soil microorganisms. Soil microbial C was calculated using Kec = 0.38 and microbial N was calculated using Ken = 0.45. The released P was converted to microbial biomass P using Kep = 0.40. Soil bacteria, fungi, and actinomycetes increased as the vegetational succession progressed. Microbial C was of the highest amount in farmland. Microbial C, N, and P generally increased from abandoned land to climax community. The results indicated significant (P < 0.05) diversities of soil microbial biomass under different vegetation. There was a significant correlation between microbial biomass and soil nutrients. Knowledge about soil microbial populations is important for forecasting vegetational succession and determining the ecological condition of the environment.     

聚丙烯酰胺与聚合氯化铝联合投加净化微污染水源水的试验研究

强化混凝是去除水中消毒副产物的最佳方法之一。文章针对强化混凝技术,从净化微污染水源水的角度出发,通过混凝搅拌试验,评价了联合投加聚丙烯酰胺与聚合氯化铝对原水中有机物的去除效果,考察了混凝剂投加量、投加方式等对去除效果的影响。结果表明,联合投加助凝剂和混凝剂有利于水中CODMn及浊度的去除,且可以节省药剂用量,具有进一步试验和推广的价值。     

流动注射法测定水中高锰酸盐指数的研究

研究了用流动注射分析技术测定水体中高锰酸盐指数。使用新发明的耐腐蚀恒流泵、低记忆高效混合器、不存留气泡流通池等部件,通过高温高压,缩短消解时间,从而建立了一种可用于无人值守的自动在线快速监测水体中高锰酸盐指数的分析方法。通过实验研究了流动注射法测定水中高锰酸盐指数的优越性。对方法的检出限、精密度和准确度进行了测定,并与GB／T11892—89《水质高锰酸盐指数的测定》进行了比对,取得了满意的结果。     

浅谈提高环境影响评价中工程分析质量

提出如何在社会区域类环境影响评价中提高工程分析质量的措施,以齐齐哈尔市第一医院为例,在工艺流程或产污环节分析中,应重点突出与污染物排放有关的工序和污染物的产生量;现有工程的污染物计算应结合监测和生产状况综合分析;以"清洁生产审计"的观点进行"清洁生产分析";对提出的污染物治理措施应具有可操作性。