液体化工品码头环评中废水处理对策探讨

对液体化工品码头建设项目环评中的废水处理对策进行了探讨,提出结合当地的废水处置系统情况,优先选择进集中的城市污水处理厂或当地港区污水处理厂,在自建废水处理设施的处理工艺选择上,应在总体以生化处理为主的基础上,根据储运货种的不同种类,结合其它的预处理和深度处理手段.     

Selective removal of 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid from water by molecularly-imprinted amino-functionalized silica gel sorbent

A molecularly-imprinted amino-functionalized sorbent for selective removal of 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid(2,4-D) was prepared by a surface imprinting technique in combination with a sol-gel process.The 2,4-D-imprinted amino-functionalized silica sorbent was characterized by FT-IR,nitrogen adsorption and static adsorption experiments.The selectivity of the sorbent was investigated by a batch competitive binding experiment using an aqueous 2,4-D and 2,4-dichlorophenol(2,4-DCP) mixture or using an aqueous 2...     

陕西省山地日照时间的空间分布特征

基于100 m×100 m分辨率的DEM数据,根据太阳光线与起伏地形之间的几何关系,全面考虑坡度、坡向、地形遮蔽等地形因子对可照时间的影响,通过数值模拟,确定山区可照时间计算模型;同时利用常规气象站资料考虑大气对日照时间的影响,建立陕西省山区日照时间估算模型。采用交叉验证和个例年分析法进行模型验证,模型的精度和稳定性均较好。通过模型计算陕西省100 m×100 m分辨率各月可照时间、气候平均日照时间的空间分布。结果表明:局地地形对日照时间空间分布影响比较明显,山区可照时间与同纬度平地相比明显差异,表现出可照时间的非地带性分布特征;尤以冬季地形作用最显著;夏季影响最弱;同时年日照时间呈现出北高南低的空间分布特征,但局地地形因子的影响依然存在。最后详细探讨了坡度、坡向、地形遮蔽等因子对山区日照时间的局地影响规律。     

Effects of sterilization treatments on the analysis of TOC in water samples

Decomposition experiments conducted with and without microbial processes are commonly used to study the effects of environmental microorganisms on the degradation of organic pollutants.However,the effects of biological pretreatment (sterilization) on organic matter often have a negative impact on such experiments.Based on the principle of water total organic carbon (TOC) analysis,the effects of physical sterilization treatments on determination of TOC and other water quality parameters were investigated.The results revealed that two conventional physical sterilization treatments,autoclaving and 60 Co γ-radiation sterilization,led to the direct decomposition of some organic pollutants,resulting in remarkable errors in the analysis of TOC in water samples.Furthermore,the extent of the errors varied with the intensity and the duration of sterilization treatments.Accordingly,a novel sterilization method for water samples,0.45 μm micro-filtration coupled with ultraviolet radiation (MCUR),was developed in the present study.The results indicated that the MCUR method was capable of exerting a high bactericidal effect on the water sample while significantly decreasing the negative impact on the analysis of TOC and other water quality parameters.Before and after sterilization treatments,the relative errors of TOC determination could be controlled to lower than 3% for water samples with different categories and concentrations of organic pollutants by using MCUR.     

Evaluation of the relationship between two different methods for enumeration fecal indicator bacteria： Colony-forming unit and most probable number

Most probable number (MPN) and colony-forming unit (CFU) estimates of fecal indicator bacteria (FIB) concentration are common measures of water quality in aquatic environments. Thus, FIB intensively monitored in Yeongsan Watershed in an attempt to compare two di erent methods and to develop a statistical model to convert from CFU to MPN estimates or vice versa. As a result, the significant di erence was found in the MPN and CFU estimates. The enumerated Escherichia coli concentrations in MPN are greater than those in CFU, except for the measurement in winter. Especially in fall, E. coli concentrations in MPN are one order of magnitude greater than that in CFU. Contrarily, enterococci bacteria in MPN are lower than those in CFU. However, in general, a strongly positive relationship are found between MPN and CFU estimates. Therefore, the statistical models were developed, and showed the reasonable converting FIB concentrations from CFU estimates to MPN estimates. We expect this study will provide preliminary information towards future research on whether di erent analysis methods may result in di erent water quality standard violation frequencies for the same water sample.     

Effects of silica nanoparticles on growth and photosynthetic pigment contents of Scenedesmus obliquus

To assess the aquatic ecosystem safety for silica (SiO2) nanoparticles (NPs), the growth inhibition and photosynthetic pigment contents of Scenedesmus obliquus in logarithm growth phase exposed to SiO2 NPs and SiO2 bulk particles (BPs) suspensions were measured. SiO2 NPs with 10-20 nm diameters were found to be toxic. The 20% effective concentration (EC20) values for 72 and 96 hr were 388.1 and 216.5 mg/L, respectively. The contents of chlorophyll decreased significantly under moderate and high concentratio...     

PFOS/PFOA对斑马鱼(Danio rerio)胚胎致毒效应研究

采用斑马鱼胚胎毒性测试方法,研究了PFOA/PFOS对斑马鱼的急性毒性和生命早期阶段生长发育的影响.结果表明,PFOS/PFOA对斑马鱼有明显毒性作用,LC₅₀(48 h)分别为1005 mg/L和107 mg/L,LC₅₀(96　h)分别为499 mg/L和71 mg/L.PFOS/PFOA抑制斑马鱼胚胎发育,可导致胚胎发育畸形,甚至死亡,高浓度(＞240 mg/L)PFOS损伤细胞膜,导致胚胎分裂中的细胞发生自溶而卵凝结死亡,抑制胚胎原肠胚的形成.在各种亚致死效应中,脊柱畸形对PFOS暴露最敏感,其EC₅₀=9.14 mg/L,PFOA暴露最敏感亚致死性毒理学终点为96　h孵化,对应EC₅₀=328.0 mg/L.PFOA/PFOS导致胚胎发育延迟,具有发育毒性.     

A new approach to predicting the maximum temperature in dry drilling based on a finite element model

A new analysis approach is developed to predict the temperature in dry drilling. The working rake angle and the working relief angle which the effect of feed is considered at an arbitrary point in the leading cutting edge of a twist drill are developed for the equivalent model. Then finite element models are developed to predict the drilling temperature based on the equivalent model. Commercial finite element codes Abaqus, Deform 2D and Third Wave Systems AdvantEdge have been used. In simulations, different chip separation models and material models are applied in the three codes. And the effect of the laws of drilling velocities and feed rates on the temperature are investigated by the finite element method. Predicted results of the maximum temperatures by three codes are compared with experiments, respectively. Results indicate that the drilling temperature results of simulations have good agreement to the experimental ones, and the errors are all less than 15%.     

生物除磷系统启动期聚磷菌的FISH原位分析与聚磷特性

应用FISH对以乙酸钠为碳源的强化生物除磷 (EBPR) SBR反应器启动期的微生物进行原位分析,考察除磷生态系统形成过程中聚磷菌种群结构、空间分布关系动态变化及其聚磷特性.结果表明,以异养菌为主的活性污泥经过厌氧/好氧驯化后,聚磷菌大量富集,在全菌中的比例由11.5%增加到40.48%.启动过程中,生物系统内菌群竞争持续进行：首先,聚磷菌淘汰异养菌,历时5 d;聚磷菌种群内选择过程历时19 d;经过优势聚磷菌群的二次增长后,共计34 d完成生物除磷系统的启动.富集过程中快速增殖的聚磷菌不能立刻行使除磷能力,要有一段“积累期”形成一定的PHA和poly-P储备.表现为污染物去除效率滞后于聚磷菌的增殖,经过4～8 d的 “积累期”后上升出现峰值.二次增长的优势聚磷菌群也经过“积累期”后才发挥作用.FISH图片显示,快速增殖期的聚磷菌菌体小,菌群结构松散.经过“积累期”之后,菌体不断增大,并开始紧密聚集形成致密的团状,此时反应器处理效率较高.     

利用Ethanoligenens harbinense R3连续培养的CSTR的启动与运行

采用连续流搅拌槽式反应器(CSTR)为实验装置,探讨了利用新型发酵产氢菌R3的生物制氢反应器的启动与运行情况.实验表明,维持反应器内pH在4.5左右、COD启动值为6000 mg·L-1、水力停留时间为8 h等条件,可在30 d内完成反应器内菌种对环境的适应并进入稳定运行阶段,此时系统氧化还原电位(HRT)稳定在-400mV左右.系统内的液相末端发酵产物中乙醇含量最大,占发酵产物总含量的65%,乙醇和乙酸所占比例为95%,系统呈现明显的乙醇型发酵特性.启动和运行阶段的积累产氢量为399.33 L,最大产氢量达15768.8 mL·d-1,最大氢气产率为49.94%.有机氮源可被微生物利用而无机氮源对产氢并无太大影响.使用有机氮源和磷源时积累产气量、积累产氢量和发酵液相末端产物与空白对照相比有所增大.