PFOS/PFOA对斑马鱼(Danio rerio)胚胎致毒效应研究

采用斑马鱼胚胎毒性测试方法,研究了PFOA/PFOS对斑马鱼的急性毒性和生命早期阶段生长发育的影响.结果表明,PFOS/PFOA对斑马鱼有明显毒性作用,LC₅₀(48 h)分别为1005 mg/L和107 mg/L,LC₅₀(96　h)分别为499 mg/L和71 mg/L.PFOS/PFOA抑制斑马鱼胚胎发育,可导致胚胎发育畸形,甚至死亡,高浓度(＞240 mg/L)PFOS损伤细胞膜,导致胚胎分裂中的细胞发生自溶而卵凝结死亡,抑制胚胎原肠胚的形成.在各种亚致死效应中,脊柱畸形对PFOS暴露最敏感,其EC₅₀=9.14 mg/L,PFOA暴露最敏感亚致死性毒理学终点为96　h孵化,对应EC₅₀=328.0 mg/L.PFOA/PFOS导致胚胎发育延迟,具有发育毒性.     

环保产业——上海21世纪新的经济增长点

环境与经济协调发展已成为世界性主题,环境保护、绿色浪潮的呼声越来越高,许多国家都在瞄准这一全球性的环保大市场。尽管目前上海的环保产业还比较弱,但应当看到其发展的广阔前景和良好条件,只要方方面面重视环保产业的发展,环保产业必将成为上海21世纪新的经济增长点。该文从环保产业在经济发展中的作用谈起,展望了环保产业发展的市场前景,并就上海环保产业发展的主要方向作了较详细的阐述。     

土壤及土壤矿物对类胡敏酸的吸附解吸及其影响因素研究

应用平衡吸附法,研究了不同pH值、离子强度、类胡敏酸浓度和接触时间条件下,黑土、白浆土及蒙脱石对类胡敏酸(HLA)的吸附作用.结果表明:随着HLA浓度的增加,土壤及蒙脱石对HLA的吸附量增加.黑土、白浆土及蒙脱石对HLA的吸附等温线均为L型,其吸附不可逆性表现为白浆土＞蒙脱石＞黑土.通过Langmiur方程计算,蒙脱石、白浆土对HLA达到吸附平衡时的最大吸附量分别为764.7、790.3 mg·g-1,而黑土为35.27 mg·g-1.Freundlich方程可以很好地描述白浆土、蒙脱石对HLA的吸附和解吸等温线,而Temkin方程可以很好地描述黑土对HLA的吸附和解吸等温线.同时,3种材料的吸附自由能△G°＜0,吸附热Qm ＞0,表明其对HLA的吸附是自发的、放热的过程.随着pH的升高,黑土、白浆土及蒙脱石对HLA的吸附量减少;随离子强度的增加,黑土、白浆土及蒙脱石对HLA的吸附量增大.黑土、白浆土及蒙脱石对HLA的吸附动力学过程划分为快反应和慢反应阶段,其中,蒙脱石、白浆土对HLA的吸附动力学过程用一级动力学方程拟合的效果最好,而对黑土而言,用Elovich方程描述更合适.     

大型LNG接收站建设过程中HSE管理体系的实施

针对大型LNG接收站建设过程中HSE管理所面临的诸多难点,结合HSE体系在LNG接收站建设初期试运行遇到的问题,利用PDCA循环的方法,从体系制定、培训、落实、检查、整改等方面探讨了多EPC模式下,建设单位HSE体系在工程建设中有效运行的经验。     

2种连续提取法提取3种类型土壤中重金属研究

连续提取法作为一种重要的化学分析方法,是土壤中重金属元素形态分析的主要环节,但不同提取法对于不同的土壤类型及同类土壤中不同重金属形态的提取效果差异很大.本文采用Tessier法和Maiz法等2种不同的连续提取法对华中地区常见的3种类型土壤(红壤、黄棕壤和黄褐土)中的Pb、Cd、Cu和Zn分别进行重金属形态分析,同时对Tessier法和Maiz法获得的结果进行了对比和分析.     

广州白云国际机场航空垃圾的处理及处置对策

广州白云国际机场是国家三大枢纽机场之一,随着广州白云国际机场航空事业的发展,航空垃圾的排放量越来越大,品种愈来愈多,对环境的影响也越来越明显。本文针对广州白云国际机场航空垃圾的产生情况、航空垃圾的处理现状进行分析,并对其将来航空垃圾的处理处置情况提出对策和建议。     

Electrochemical and spectroscopic characteristics of dissolved organic matter in a forest soil profile

Dissolved organic matter （DOM） represents one of the most mobile and reactive organic compounds in ecosystem and plays an important role in the fate and transport of soil organic pollutants, nutrient cycling and more importantly global climate change. Electrochemical methods were first employed to evaluate DOM redox properties, and spectroscopic approaches were utilized to obtain information concerning its composition and structure. DOM was extracted from a forest soil profile with five horizons. Differential pulse voltammetry indicated that there were more redox-active moieties in the DOM from upper horizons than in that from lower horizons. Cyclic voltammetry further showed that these moieties were reversible in electron transfer. Chronoamperometry was employed to quantify the electron transfer capacity of DOM, including electron acceptor capacity and electron donor capacity, both of which decreased sharply with increasing depth. FT-IR, UV-Vis and fluorescence spectra results suggested that DOM from the upper horizons was enriched with aromatic and humic structures while that from the lower horizons was rich in aliphatic carbon, which supported the findings obtained by electrochemical approaches. Electrochemical approaches combined with spectroscopic methods were applied to evaluate the characteristics of DOM extracted along a forest soil profile. The electrochemical properties of DOM, which can be rapidly and simply obtained, provide insight into the migration and transformation of DOM along a soil profile and will aid in better understanding of the biogeochemical role of DOM in natural environments.     

两株高效芘降解菌对土壤中芘的降解研究

研究了芘的高效降解菌株在土壤环境中对芘降解情况,主要结论如下:(1)芽孢杆菌B6和假单孢菌B17在土壤中仍对芘具有较强的降解能力,在10 d时对芘降解率达到最大值,降解率依次为24.45%和18.77%;(2)接入菌株后,土壤中过氧化氢酶和多酚氧化酶的活性变化不显著;(3)使用利福平抗性细菌研究了菌株的定殖状况,结果表明由于土壤恶劣的环境条件,使定殖菌量偏低,但2种菌株在土壤中仍具有一定的定殖能力。且菌株B6在土壤中增殖能力强于菌株B17。     

2021年3月14-16日中国北方地区沙尘暴天气过程诊断及沙尘污染输送分析

2021年3月14—16日发生在北方地区的沙尘暴天气过程被认为是近10年来我国出现的最强过程.本文在对此次沙尘暴过程天气学特征分析的基础上,利用 HYSPLIT 模式和 GDAS 资料,运用潜在源贡献因子分析法（PSCF）和浓度权重轨迹分析法（CWT）,探讨了气候变化背景下沙尘输送源与天气系统的配置关系及本次过程中沙尘污染物PM₁₀质量浓度的潜在源区分布及贡献.结果表明,此次过程由强烈发展的蒙古气旋及冷锋过境,高空槽后冷空气持续补充引起,中高层强斜压性使地面蒙古气旋强烈发展,大风卷扬起的沙尘随上升气流输送到高空,并在偏北大风引导下,影响了我国大范围地区.内蒙古东北部至河套地区的强涡度梯度带、500、700 hPa较高的强冷平流中心与下层的温度平流差异以及交替的上升下沉运动为本次北方地区大范围沙尘暴过程提供了动力、热力及不稳定度条件.本次沙尘天气过程中,影响呼和浩特、北京的沙尘传输通道主要为北偏东路,影响银川的沙尘传输通道为西北路和北路,过程受多沙源传输通道影响.萨彦岭、蒙古国南部戈壁沙漠为本次沙尘天气PM₁₀的主要潜在源区,传输过程中混合内蒙古沙源地沙尘.总体来说,蒙古国南部戈壁沙漠对本次过程PM₁₀质量浓度的贡献最大.     

A novel approach to estimate and control denitrification performance in activated sludge systems with respirogram technology

Respirogram technology has been widely applied for aerobic process, however, the response of respirogram to anoxic denitrification is still unclear. To reveal such response may help to design a new method for the evaluation of the performance of denitrification. The size distribution of flocs measured at different denitrification moments demonstrated a clear expansion of flocs triggered by denitrification, during which higher specific endogenous and quasi-endogenous respiration rates (SOUR_e and SOUR_q) were also observed. Furthermore, SOUR_q increases exponentially with the specific denitrification rate (SDNR), suggesting that there should be a maximum SDNR in conventional activated sludge systems. Based on these findings, an index R_q/t, defined as the ratio of quasi-endogenous (OUR_q) to maximum respiration rate (OUR_t), is proposed to estimate the denitrification capacity that higher R_q/t indicates higher denitrification potential, which can be readily obtained without complex measurement or analysis, and it offers a novel and promising respirogram-based approach for denitrification estimation and control by taking measures to extend anoxic time to maintain its value at a high level within a certain range.